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After teaching a group of nursing students about pharmacokinetics, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following as the site for the metabolism of most drugs?
- A. Liver
- B. Lungs
- C. Kidneys
- D. Intestinal mucosa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Although the kidneys, lungs, plasma, and intestinal mucosa may aid in the metabolism of drugs, most drugs are metabolized by the liver.
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The FDA established a safety information and adverse events reporting program called MedWatch. Which individuals can access the MedWatch website to obtain safety alerts on drugs, devices, or dietary supplements? Select all that apply.
- A. Physicians
- B. Nurses
- C. Patients
- D. Pharmacists
- E. Caregivers
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D,E
Rationale: Anyone can access the MedWatch website to obtain safety alerts on drugs, devices, or dietary supplements.
After teaching a group of nursing students about nonprescription drugs, the nursing instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following? Select all that apply.
- A. They require a licensed health care provider's signature.
- B. They are referred to as over-the-counter drugs.
- C. They can be taken without risk to the client.
- D. They have certain labeling requirements.
- E. They should be taken only as directed on the label.
Correct Answer: B,D,E
Rationale: Nonprescription drugs are often referred to as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. They do not require a prescription (a licensed health care provider's signature) but do not come without risk to the client. The federal government has imposed labeling requirements of OTC drugs and they should only be taken as directed on the label unless under the supervision of a health care provider.
A patient is considering using herbal supplements and asks the nurse about them. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?
- A. Herbal supplements are safe to use because they are regulated closely.
- B. Herbal supplements can affect the way other medications will act.
- C. Taking more than the recommended amount usually is not harmful because they are natural.
- D. The risk of the supplement interacting with any prescription medications is extremely low.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse needs to explain to the patient that just because an herbal supplement is labeled 'natural' does not mean the supplement is safe or without harmful effects. Herbal supplements can act the same way as drugs and can cause medical problems if not used correctly or if taken in large amounts. Herbal supplements are not regulated by the FDA, so products lack standardization in relation to purity and potency. In addition, the patient should be warned not to take more than the recommended dose of any herbal health product or supplement. The problems that these products can cause are much more likely to occur if the patient takes too much or takes them for too long.
When reviewing information about the Orphan Drug Program, which of the following would the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply.
- A. The program encourages the development and marketing of products to treat rare diseases.
- B. The program grants provisional approval with a written commitment from the drug company to formally demonstrate client benefits.
- C. The program provides for incentives, such as research grants, protocol assistance, and special tax credits, to develop products to treat rare diseases.
- D. The program grants 7 years of exclusive marketing rights to the manufacturer if approved.
- E. The program accelerates approval of drugs based on preliminary evidence before formal demonstration of client benefits.
Correct Answer: A,C,D
Rationale: The Orphan Drug Program encourages the development and marketing of products used to treat rare diseases. The program provides incentives to encourage manufacturers to develop orphan drugs, and if approved, the manufacturer has 7 years of exclusive marketing rights. Accelerated programs involve provisional approval and approval based on preliminary evidence.
A patient arrives at the health care clinic and informs the nurse that he has consumed several aspirin tablets for a severe headache over the past 24 hours. The nurse would be alert for which of the following as a harmful effect?
- A. Gastrointestinal bleeding
- B. Breathing difficulties
- C. Visual disturbances
- D. Loss of balance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aspirin is potentially harmful and can cause gastrointestinal bleeding and salicylism. Breathing difficulties, visual disturbances, and loss of balance could be due to an illness or the effects of some other drug.