Nokea
An elderly Native American woman has tested positive for TB. What is another name for this condition?
- A. COPD.
- B. Bronchiectasis.
- C. Emphysema.
- D. Consumption.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Consumption. Consumption is an outdated term for tuberculosis (TB) that was commonly used in the past. The term originated from the belief that the disease consumed the body. COPD (Choice A), Bronchiectasis (Choice B), and Emphysema (Choice C) are all respiratory conditions, but they are not alternative names for TB. TB is specifically caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, differentiating it from these other conditions. Therefore, the most appropriate and historically accurate alternative name for TB is Consumption.
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When the nurse administers a cholinergic agonist to the patient the nurse's expectation is what system will be stimulated.
- A. Central nervous system.
- B. Parasympathetic nervous system.
- C. Sympathetic nervous system.
- D. Voluntary nervous system.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Parasympathetic nervous system. Cholinergic agonists stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking the action of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. This leads to increased activity in organs innervated by the parasympathetic system, such as slowing heart rate and increasing gastrointestinal motility.
A: Central nervous system - Cholinergic agonists primarily act on the peripheral nervous system, not the central nervous system.
C: Sympathetic nervous system - Cholinergic agonists do not stimulate the sympathetic nervous system; they have opposite effects.
D: Voluntary nervous system - Cholinergic agonists do not directly affect the voluntary nervous system, which controls skeletal muscles.
What is the action of ergotamine?
- A. Increases hypoperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
- B. Decreases hypoperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
- C. Increases hyperperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
- D. Decreases hyperperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decreases hyperperfusion of basilar artery vascular bed. Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor that acts on serotonin receptors, reducing blood flow and decreasing hyperperfusion in the basilar artery. This helps in treating conditions like migraines by reducing the dilation of blood vessels. Choice A is incorrect because ergotamine does not increase hypoperfusion, but rather decreases hyperperfusion. Choice B is incorrect as ergotamine does not decrease hypoperfusion. Choice C is incorrect since ergotamine does not increase hyperperfusion, rather it decreases it.
What drug might the nurse administer to achieve both analgesic and antitussive effects?
- A. Acetaminophen.
- B. Ibuprofen.
- C. Aspirin.
- D. Codeine.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Codeine. Codeine is an opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous system to relieve pain and suppress coughing. It has both analgesic and antitussive properties, making it the ideal choice for achieving both effects. Acetaminophen (choice A) and ibuprofen (choice B) are analgesics but do not have antitussive effects. Aspirin (choice C) is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug but is not commonly used for cough suppression. Therefore, codeine is the most appropriate option for achieving both analgesic and antitussive effects.
The parent of a 5-year-old child asks the nurse to recommend an over-the-counter pain medication for the child. Which analgesic will the nurse recommend?
- A. Acetaminophen (Tylenol).
- B. Ibuprofen (Motrin).
- C. Aspirin (Ecotrin).
- D. Diflunisal (Dolobid).
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acetaminophen (Tylenol). Acetaminophen is recommended for children due to its safety profile and effectiveness in reducing pain and fever. Ibuprofen and aspirin can be used in children over 6 months old, but aspirin is not recommended for children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome. Diflunisal is not typically used in children. In summary, acetaminophen is the safest and most appropriate choice for a 5-year-old child's pain relief.
A nurse working in radiology administers iodine to a patient who is having a computed tomography (CT) scan. The nurse working on the oncology unit administers chemotherapy to a patient who has cancer. At the public health department, a nurse administers a measles mumps rubella vaccine to a 14-month-old child as a routine immunization. Which branch of pharmacology best describes the actions of the three nurses?
- A. Pharmacodynamics.
- B. Pharmacotherapeutics.
- C. Pharmacoeconomics.
- D. Pharmacokinetics.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pharmacotherapeutics. Pharmacotherapeutics focuses on the use of drugs to treat diseases or alleviate symptoms. In this scenario, the nurses are administering medications with the intention of treating or preventing specific conditions: iodine for imaging in radiology, chemotherapy for cancer treatment, and the MMR vaccine for immunization. Pharmacodynamics (A) deals with the effects of drugs on the body, not the therapeutic use. Pharmacoeconomics (C) involves the cost-effectiveness of drug therapy, not the administration of drugs. Pharmacokinetics (D) focuses on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, not the therapeutic purpose of drug administration. Therefore, Pharmacotherapeutics is the best branch of pharmacology to describe the actions of the nurses in this scenario.