Nokea
Antiviral drugs have limited use because they are effective against only a small number of specific viral infections. The nurse would expect antiviral drugs to be used for which infection? Select all that apply.
- A. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- B. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- C. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- D. Rotavirus
- E. Rhinovirus
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Antiviral drugs are used in the treatment or prevention of infections caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, herpes zoster, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and hepatitis B and C. They are not used for rotavirus or rhinovirus infections.
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A nurse is reviewing information about cidofovir in preparation for administration. The nurse understands that which of the following are true? Select all that apply.
- A. It should not be given to clients who have renal impairment.
- B. The drug should not be given to clients receiving aminoglycosides.
- C. Cidofovir is used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis.
- D. It is administered by placing one drop in both eyes twice daily.
- E. The drug should not be given with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Cidofovir should not be given to clients who have renal impairment or who are receiving other nephrotoxic drugs, such as aminoglycosides. The drug is used to treat cytomegalovirus retinitis and is administered IV.
A patient with skin lesions due to a viral infection has been prescribed a topical antiviral agent. When teaching the patient about this therapy, which of the following would the nurse emphasize?
- A. The drug will not prevent the spread of the disease to others.
- B. Topical drugs should be applied using the hand, not a finger cot or gloves.
- C. All lesions should be left open and not covered in any way.
- D. Sexual contact when lesions are present is permissible if barrier methods are used.
- E. Apply the drug twice daily for best results
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nurse should inform the patient that application of the drug does not prevent the spread of the disease to others. Topical drugs should be applied with a finger cot or gloves but not with bare hands. The nurse should instruct the patient to cover all lesions and not leave them open. The nurse should also stress the importance of avoiding sexual contact when lesions are present irrespective of contraceptive measures. The frequency of application depends on the specific drug prescribed.
A client is ordered to receive an antiretroviral agent that is categorized as a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Which of the following would the nurse expect to administer?
- A. Indinavir
- B. Nevirapine
- C. Saquinavir
- D. Ritonavir
- E. Zidovudine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nevirapine is classified as a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Indinavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir are classified as protease inhibitors. Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
A nursing instructor is describing the different categories of antiretroviral agents used in treatment for HIV infection. The instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which category as affecting an enzyme so that new viral particles cannot mature?
- A. Protease inhibitors
- B. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- C. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- D. Integrase inhibitors
- E. Entry inhibitors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Protease inhibitors block the protease enzyme so the new viral particles cannot mature. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors block the reverse transcriptase enzyme so the HIV material cannot change into DNA in the new cell, preventing new HIV copies from being created. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors latch on to the reverse transcriptase molecule to block the ability to make viral DNA. Integrase inhibitors prevent enzymes from inserting HIV genetic material into the cell's DNA. Entry inhibitors block HIV from entering the cell.
A patient who is being discharged needs to continue taking the zanamivir using a Diskhaler and a bronchodilator. Both the inhaler and the Diskhaler are prescribed at the same time. Which instruction would the nurse include in the teaching plan for the patient?
- A. Zanamivir should be taken every 6 hours.
- B. Use the bronchodilator before taking zanamivir.
- C. Zanamivir used with a bronchodilator causes orthostatic hypotension.
- D. Risk of disease transmission is minimal during therapy.
- E. Monitor for allergic reactions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The bronchodilator should be used before the zanamivir. The drug should be taken every 12 hours, not every 6 hours. The nurse should also inform the patient that treatment with this drug does not decrease the risk of transmission of the 'flu' to others. Zanamivir when used with a bronchodilator does not specifically cause orthostatic hypotension, though antivirals are known to affect the mental status of patients. Monitoring for allergic reactions is a general recommendation but not specific to this scenario.