Endocrine System Practice Questions

Endocrine System Practice Questions Related

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Botulism is a serious and sometimes fatal disorder caused by Botulinum toxin. How is Botulinum toxin exerting its effects?

  • A. Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla
  • B. Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
  • C. Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
  • D. Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves. Botulinum toxin exerts its effects by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. This leads to muscle paralysis, which is a characteristic feature of botulism.

A: Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not affect the adrenal medulla or adrenaline release.
B: Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not directly block adrenergic receptors.
C: Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme is incorrect because botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release rather than stimulating acetylcholinesterase.

In summary, the correct answer D directly correlates with the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin, while the other choices are unrelated to how Botulinum toxin exerts

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In general, beta blockers produce all of the following EXCEPT:

  • A. Decrease blood pressure
  • B. Propranolol is extensively metabolized in the liver
  • C. Atenolol is eliminated mainly unchanged in urine
  • D. They increase renin activity
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: They increase renin activity. Beta blockers block beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to decreased renin secretion and ultimately decreased renin activity. This results in reduced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, leading to decreased blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because beta blockers are known to decrease blood pressure, propranolol is extensively metabolized in the liver, and atenolol is eliminated mainly unchanged in urine.

A child overdoses on a drug that affects both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. As blood level of the drug rises, he experiences hypertension and tachycardia, accompanied by skeletal muscle tremor. Further elevations of the drug cause all the expected signs and symptoms of autonomic ganglionic blockade, plus weakness and eventual paralysis of skeletal muscle. Which of the following drugs did the child most likely ingest?

  • A. Bethanechol
  • B. Nicotine
  • C. Pilocarpine
  • D. Scopolamine
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nicotine. Nicotine affects both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Initially, the child experiences hypertension, tachycardia, and skeletal muscle tremor due to stimulation of both systems. As the blood level rises, autonomic ganglionic blockade occurs, leading to weakness and paralysis. Bethanechol (A) is a cholinergic agonist, unlikely to cause these symptoms. Pilocarpine (C) is also a cholinergic agonist but does not affect the somatic nervous system. Scopolamine (D) is an anticholinergic drug, which would not cause the symptoms described.

A nurse is taking care of a client with diabetes who is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse knows that DKA is a type of what acid-base imbalance?

  • A. Metabolic acidosis
  • B. Respiratory acidosis
  • C. Metabolic alkalosis
  • D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: DKA causes metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones, which lowers the blood pH.

Which statement about catalysts is correct?

  • A. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
  • B. They decrease the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
  • C. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are unchanged at the end of the reaction.
  • D. They increase the time taken for a reaction to finish and they are used up in the reaction.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Catalysts decrease the activation energy required for a reaction, speeding up the reaction without being consumed in the process. They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to proceed, facilitating the reaction without being altered themselves. This is why they are unchanged at the end of the reaction. Choice B is incorrect because catalysts are not used up in the reaction. Choices C and D are also incorrect as catalysts do not increase the time taken for a reaction to finish nor are they consumed in the reaction.

Insufficient Levels of Thyroid Hormone in Adults Cause-------------

  • A. Goiter
  • B. Tetany
  • C. Myxedema
  • D. Cretinism
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Myxedema. Insufficient levels of thyroid hormone in adults lead to myxedema due to decreased metabolism and energy production. Goiter (A) is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, not caused by low thyroid hormone levels. Tetany (B) is muscle spasms due to low calcium levels, not related to thyroid hormone deficiency. Cretinism (D) is a condition of severe hypothyroidism in infants, not in adults. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly relates to the consequences of low thyroid hormone levels in adults.

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