Nokea
Carper's (1978) foundational work on patterns of knowing include empirical, ethical, aesthetic, and personal knowing. Tom is preparing an essay for his application to graduate studies in nursing and is interested in examining aesthetic ways of knowing in nursing. Which of the following comments would reflect a nurse's aesthetic knowledge?
- A. I understand this experience is different for everyone.
- B. I use nursing policy to guide my clinical practice.
- C. I use the patient's pain to provide comfort to someone.
- D. I always follow Best Practice Guidelines.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Aesthetic knowing involves the creation of a singular, particular subjective expression of imagined possibilities or equivalent expression, not so easily put into language form. Empathy and compassion are modes in the aesthetic pattern of knowing.
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One successful approach to theory-practice inquiry in nursing involves exploring nurses' clinical practice and clinical reasoning with the ultimate result of theory generation. This approach is known as which of the following?
- A. Situation-producing
- B. Nursing sciences
- C. Inductive hermeneutics
- D. Tacit knowledge
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An inductive hermeneutic approach involves exploring nurses' clinical practice and clinical reasoning, with the ultimate result of theory generation.
During which time in history was the social status of nurses elevated and their contributions to key processes and decisions highly regarded?
- A. Wartime
- B. The Depression
- C. The nineteenth century
- D. The 1960s
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During wartime, the social status of nurses was elevated and their contributions to key processes and decisions were highly regarded.
Nursing theory and knowledge development in the early 1970s was in response to which of the following?
- A. The need to gain credibility as a professional discipline
- B. The need to document nursing workload
- C. The need to improve nursing's skills knowledgeable as medicine
- D. The need to increase nurses' rights
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nursing theory and knowledge development in the early 1970s was, in large part, a response to the need for nursing to conceptualize the uniqueness of nursing practice knowledge and gain credibility as a professional discipline.
Which of the following are considered mid-range nursing theorists? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Weston
- B. Orlando
- C. Peplau
- D. Peplau
- E. Watson
- F. Parse
Correct Answer: B,C,E,F
Rationale: Mid-range nursing theories are narrower in scope than grand nursing theories. Widely used mid-range nursing theories include Orlando's theory of the deliberative nursing process, Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations, Parse's theory of human becoming, and Watson's theory of human caring.
Which of the following is a criticism of using grand theories to guide nursing?
- A. Constructs cannot be empirically measured
- B. It is not based on scholarly research
- C. Professional experience is not reflected
- D. It does not reflect the goals of the profession.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Grand theories are general concepts that pertain to the overall nature and goals of professional nursing, which are often abstract and do not necessarily lend themselves to empirical testing or problems in specific nurse settings.