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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. You are caring for a 2-year-old child whose mother became a drug addict after the child was born. The child was severely neglected. Which of the following statements represents the best description of this child's psychosocial developmental status?
- A. The child is probably still in the first developmental stage: trust versus mistrust.
- B. The child probably does not feel trusting of people and is in the second developmental stage: autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- C. The child is in the second developmental stage: autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- D. The child has passed the age of the first developmental stage but did not reach the milestone of trust; therefore, he will stay in this stage until he can feel trusting.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neglect during infancy likely prevented the child from developing trust (Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage, birth to 18 months), keeping them in this stage despite being 2 years old.
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Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Generativity vs. stagnation
- A. Birth to 18 months
- B. 18 months to 3 years
- C. 3 years to 5 years
- D. 5 years to 12 years
- E. 12 years to 18 years
- F. 18 years to 40 years
- G. 40 years to 65 years
Correct Answer: G
Rationale: Erikson's generativity vs. stagnation stage occurs from 40 to 65 years, focusing on contributing to society and future generations.
Match Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their descriptions. Seeking strong interpersonal relationships.
- A. Young adolescent focuses on being good and helping others, not just to follow the rules but to feel good about motives.
- B. Adult's behavior is motivated by the desire to follow internal values and moral principles.
- C. Child equates doing right equates with doing no wrong punishment with and doing punishment wrong with, punishment
- D. Young adolescent follows laws for the for greater the good and because respect of respect for authority for laws,
- E. Adult has concern for human rights human and rights dignity; desires impartial interpretation of justice, justice
- F. Child focuses on what is fair rather than what might be best for the larger group on what is fair,
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In Kohlberg's conventional level, seeking strong interpersonal relationships (stage 3) involves acting to gain approval and feel good about motives.
Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Learn self-control and the ability to express oneself and cooperate
- A. Recognize accomplishments and provide emotional support
- B. Keep realistic expectations for behavior and recognize accomplishments
- C. Review accomplishments made by the person
- D. Increase independence; provide praise and encouragement
- E. Avoid criticizing relationships; teach how to establish realistic goals
- F. Provide consistent affectionate care
- G. Encourage creativity, answer questions; do not threaten or label behavior as 'bad'
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increasing independence with praise supports autonomy vs. shame/doubt, encouraging self-control and cooperation.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Normal growth patterns suggest that the newborn's head circumference will be how much larger at 1 year?
- A. Half again as large
- B. Twice as large
- C. Two and a half times as large
- D. Three times as large
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A newborn's head circumference increases by about 50% (half again as large) by 1 year, reflecting rapid brain growth.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Object permanence refers to the concept that
- A. People can go away and not be seen again.
- B. An object not in the child's sight still exists somewhere else.
- C. Actions have consequences.
- D. Fine motor skills develop after large motor skills.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Object permanence, developed in Piaget's sensorimotor stage, is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.