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Define the following terms: latency
- A. The time between exposure to a hazard and the onset of symptoms.
- B. The strength of a chemical bond.
- C. The period during which a disease is contagious.
- D. The duration of a clinical trial.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Latency refers to the delay between exposure to a harmful agent and the manifestation of health effects.
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Describe the significance for epidemiology of the identification of specific agents of disease.
- A. It allows for targeted treatments.
- B. It proves that all diseases are infectious.
- C. It eliminates the need for surveillance.
- D. It focuses solely on chronic diseases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Identifying specific agents enables effective prevention, control, and treatment strategies.
Observation checklist is the................ of data collection
- A. Tool
- B. Method
- C. Manual
- D. Guideline
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An observation checklist serves as a tool for systematically collecting data during observations.
Discuss the possible health effects that have been associated with exposure to electric and magnetic fields and ionizing radiation.
- A. EMF: unclear evidence; Ionizing: cancer risk.
- B. EMF: immediate death; Ionizing: no known risks.
- C. EMF: improved sleep; Ionizing: enhanced mood.
- D. EMF: faster metabolism; Ionizing: increased energy.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Evidence linking EMFs to health effects is inconclusive, while ionizing radiation is a well-established carcinogen.
Accepting null hypothesis when it is false is
- A. Type I error
- B. Type II error
- C. α error
- D. µ error
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted.
Randomization is done in experimental study:
- A. to eliminate selection bias.
- B. to select control
- C. to eliminate confounding bias
- D. all of above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Randomization helps to eliminate selection and confounding biases while selecting controls.