Nokea
Dobutamine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Glaucoma
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dobutamine is a positive inotrope that increases cardiac contractility, making it a suitable choice for treating heart failure by improving cardiac output. It is not typically used for hypertension, glaucoma, or arrhythmias. Hypertension is usually managed with antihypertensive medications like ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers. Glaucoma is treated with medications that reduce intraocular pressure. Arrhythmias are commonly managed with antiarrhythmic drugs or procedures such as ablation. Therefore, choice B, heart failure, is the correct answer for the use of dobutamine.
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Botulism is a serious and sometimes fatal disorder caused by Botulinum toxin. How is Botulinum toxin exerting its effects?
- A. Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla
- B. Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
- C. Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme
- D. Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Blockade of acetylcholine release from all cholinergic nerves. Botulinum toxin exerts its effects by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. This leads to muscle paralysis, which is a characteristic feature of botulism.
A: Massive release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not affect the adrenal medulla or adrenaline release.
B: Blockade of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors is incorrect because botulinum toxin does not directly block adrenergic receptors.
C: Stimulation of acetylcholinesterase enzyme is incorrect because botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release rather than stimulating acetylcholinesterase.
In summary, the correct answer D directly correlates with the mechanism of action of Botulinum toxin, while the other choices are unrelated to how Botulinum toxin exerts
Acute attack of migraine can be treated by:
- A. Prazosin
- B. Ergotamine
- C. Propranolol
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ergotamine. Ergotamine is a vasoconstrictor that helps alleviate migraine symptoms by constricting blood vessels in the brain. It is commonly used to treat acute migraine attacks. Prazosin (A) is an alpha-blocker used for hypertension, not migraines. Propranolol (C) is a beta-blocker used for migraine prevention, not acute treatment. Amphetamine (D) is a stimulant used for ADHD, not migraine treatment. Ergotamine's vasoconstrictive properties make it effective for treating acute migraines.
Steroid hormones function by binding to receptor proteins within the ________. Once the hormone binds to a receptor, it activates ______.
- A. nucleus: a second messenger
- B. nucleus: particular genes
- C. plasma membrane: a second messenger
- D. plasma membrane: particular genes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroid hormones bind to receptor proteins in the nucleus, forming a hormone-receptor complex that directly influences the expression of specific genes. This process leads to the activation or repression of particular genes, resulting in changes in cellular functions. Choices A and C are incorrect because steroid hormones do not bind to receptors in the plasma membrane or use second messengers for signal transduction. Choice D is incorrect as steroid hormones do not directly regulate genes at the plasma membrane level.
Pituitary disorder caused by excess growth of the body:
- A. Dwarfism
- B. Gigantism
- C. Goiter
- D. Cretinism
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gigantism. Gigantism is caused by excess growth hormone production from the pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal growth and height. Dwarfism (choice A) is the opposite condition, characterized by stunted growth. Goiter (choice C) is a thyroid disorder, not related to pituitary gland. Cretinism (choice D) is a condition caused by thyroid hormone deficiency, not pituitary gland disorder.
What is the total cost of using the heater for 15 minutes?
- A. $0.04
- B. $0.15
- C. $2.40
- D. $9.00
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: To calculate the total cost of using the heater for 15 minutes, we need to consider the cost per minute. If the cost is $0.01 per minute, then for 15 minutes, it would be 15 * $0.01 = $0.15. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
Option A ($0.04) is incorrect because it is too low for 15 minutes of usage. Option C ($2.40) and Option D ($9.00) are incorrect because they are too high for the given time frame.