Nokea
Dopamine is:
- A. Alpha and beta agonist
- B. Beta agonist
- C. A beta blocking agent
- D. Alpha blocking agent
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dopamine activates alpha and beta receptors.
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When determining drug treatment, the NP prescriber should:
- A. Always use evidence-based guidelines
- B. Individualize the drug choice for the specific patient
- C. Rely on his or her experience when prescribing for complex patients
- D. Use the newest drug on the market for the condition being treated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Individualizing treatment tailors therapy to the patient, balancing evidence and experience , while avoiding untested new drugs .
Prophylactic use of bisphosphonates is recommended for patients with early osteopenia related to long-term use of which of the following drugs?
- A. Selective estrogen receptor modulators
- B. Aspirin
- C. Glucocorticoids
- D. Calcium supplements
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Glucocorticoids cause bone loss, warranting bisphosphonate prophylaxis; SERMs protect bone.
A patient with an edema would have an increased volume of distribution (Vd) if?
- A. The patient was taking an anionic drug
- B. The patient was taking a hydrophobic drug
- C. The patient was taking a hydrophilic drug
- D. An edema always causes an increase in Vd
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Edema increases extracellular fluid, raising Vd for hydrophilic drugs that distribute into this compartment, not hydrophobic drugs (tissue-bound) or universally.
What concept is considered when generic drugs are substituted for brand name drugs?
- A. Bioavailability
- B. Critical concentration
- C. Distribution
- D. Half-life
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bioavailability is the portion of a dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells. Binders used in a generic drug may not be the same as those used in the brand name drug. Therefore, the way the body breaks down and uses the drug may differ, which may eliminate a generic drug substitution. Critical concentration is the amount of a drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect and should not differ between generic and brand name medications. Distribution is the phase of pharmacokinetics, which involves the movement of a drug to the body's tissues and is the same in generic and brand name drugs. A drug's half-life is the time it takes for the amount of drug to decrease to half the peak level, which should not change when substituting a generic medication.
When taken with aminoglycosides, platinum chemotherapy or cyclosporin increase the risk of
- A. Kidney damage
- B. Ototoxicity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Platinum chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin) and cyclosporin both potentiate aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, increasing kidney damage risk.