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During assessment of a patient with dementia, the nurse determines that the condition is potentially reversible when finding out what about the patient?
- A. Has long-standing abuse of alcohol
- B. Has a history of Parkinson's disease
- C. Recently developed symptoms of hypothyroidism
- D. Was infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 10 years ago
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypothyroidism can cause reversible cognitive impairment
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Which number represents the medulla oblongata? (Figure 3)
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 5
- D. 8
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The number 8 represents the medulla oblongata because it is the lower part of the brainstem that controls vital autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. The medulla oblongata is essential for maintaining life and ensuring the proper functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Which finding should the nursing assistant report immediately for a patient with a fractured fibula receiving skeletal traction?
- A. The patient wants to change position in bed.
- B. There is redness around the pin sites.
- C. The patient asks for a glass of water.
- D. The patient mentions feeling hungry.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Redness around pin sites could indicate infection or poor circulation.
Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?
- A. preganglionic parasympathetic
- B. preganglionic sympathetic
- C. postganglionic parasympathetic
- D. postganglionic sympathetic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: preganglionic parasympathetic. Preganglionic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system, with parasympathetic fibers generally having longer preganglionic fibers compared to sympathetic fibers. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord, allowing them to travel longer distances to reach their ganglia. In contrast, sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, resulting in shorter lengths compared to parasympathetic fibers. Therefore, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are considered the longest among the given choices. Postganglionic fibers, whether parasympathetic or sympathetic, are shorter as they only need to travel to their target organs from the ganglia.
Summary:
- A: Correct, as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system
A glove-&-stocking pattern of sensory disturbance usually develops with disease in:
- A. peripheral nerves
- B. the spinal cord
- C. the brainstem
- D. the thalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peripheral nerves are the correct answer because a glove-and-stocking pattern of sensory loss is characteristic of peripheral neuropathy. This pattern occurs due to the length-dependent nature of peripheral nerve damage, where the longest nerves (those supplying the hands and feet) are affected first, leading to distal sensory deficits.
Which of the following statements about axon-guidance is TRUE?
- A. Netrins are long-range cues for chemorepulsion
- B. Semaphorins are short-range cues for chemorepulsion
- C. Cadherins are short-range cues for contact attraction
- D. Ephrins are short-range cues for contact attraction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that mediate short-range contact attraction, guiding axons to their targets. Netrins, semaphorins, and ephrins also play roles in axon guidance, but they function through different mechanisms, such as long-range chemotaxis or repulsion. This diversity of guidance cues ensures precise navigation of growing axons.