Nokea
Fill in the blank. The pain receptors referred to in Question 13 can be stimulated by two chemicals that are released during injury and damage to tissue. One of those chemicals is
- A. prostaglandins
- B. endorphins
- C. opioids
- D. serotonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prostaglandins are chemicals released during tissue injury that stimulate nociceptors, contributing to pain sensation.
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Fill in the blank. The process by which drugs may be administered, within preset boundaries, by the patient, who controls the frequency and administration of his or her pain medication, is called
- A. patient-controlled analgesia
- B. intravenous analgesia
- C. oral analgesia
- D. topical analgesia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) allows patients to self-administer pain medication within safe, preset limits, giving them control over frequency and dosage.
Which of the following information would be included in a pain assessment?
- A. Characteristics of the pain
- B. Level of the pain
- C. Whether the patient has a low pain tolerance
- D. What the patient wants done for the pain
Correct Answer: A,B,D
Rationale: A pain assessment includes the characteristics (A), level (B), and patient's desired interventions (D). Pain tolerance (C) is subjective and not a standard part of the assessment.
The category of drugs that have greater capacity for addiction and abuse is regulated by law. The correct terminology for these drugs is which of the following?
- A. Controlled substances
- B. Prescription drugs
- C. Injectable drugs
- D. Analgesic drugs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Controlled substances are drugs with a high potential for addiction and abuse, regulated by law.
Your patient seems to be having a lot more postoperative pain today than he did yesterday, whichsurprises you because he has been progressing so well since his surgery 4 days ago. As you are critically thinking about factors that can increase pain, you identify data that could explain why he is having an increase in pain today. Which of the following pieces of data might provide you with this understanding?
- A. His wife, who is a strong part of his support system, was here to visit this morning for several hours.
- B. In the report, the night nurse noted that he slept only a couple of hours last night.
- C. His medical chart indicates that he is from a culture in which some with traditional views feel that pain should be suffered in silence.
- D. Earlier this morning, the patient's wife mentioned that the patient is really missing their oldest daughter, who was unable to come for the surgery because she lives in Europe.
Correct Answer: B,D
Rationale: Lack of sleep (B) can lower pain tolerance, increasing perceived pain. Emotional distress, such as missing a loved one (D), can also heighten pain perception. A supportive visit (A) and cultural beliefs (C) are less likely to directly cause an increase in pain.
Describe how the following nonpharmacological methods work to reduce mild pain or to use as an adjuvant (along with pain medication) for more severe pain: guided imagery, effleurage, and a TENS.
- A. Guided imagery distracts from pain via mental focus on calming images; effleurage soothes with gentle strokes; TENS blocks pain signals with electrical stimulation.
- B. Heat therapy reduces muscle tension; acupuncture balances energy; massage increases blood flow.
- C. Biofeedback controls physiological responses; cold therapy numbs pain; reflexology targets pressure points.
- D. Meditation reduces stress; exercise strengthens muscles; hypnosis alters pain perception.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Guided imagery uses visualization to distract from pain, effleurage promotes relaxation through gentle skin stroking, and TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) delivers electrical impulses to block pain signals.