Nokea
Food and drink are prevented from entering the respiratory passageways during swallowing by means of the
- A. glottis.
- B. pharynx.
- C. epiglottis.
- D. larynx.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: epiglottis. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx to prevent food and drink from entering the respiratory passageways. It acts as a lid that directs food and liquids to the esophagus instead of the trachea. The glottis (choice A) is the space between the vocal cords, the pharynx (choice B) is the passageway for food and air, and the larynx (choice D) contains the vocal cords. The epiglottis specifically functions to protect the airway during swallowing.
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Tachypnoea means
- A. Rapid shallow breathing
- B. Rapid deep breathing
- C. Slow and shallow breathing
- D. Slow and deep breathing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rapid shallow breathing. Tachypnoea refers to an increased respiratory rate, which can lead to shallow breathing. Rapid breathing helps to compensate for inadequate oxygen levels. Choice B is incorrect because tachypnoea is not typically associated with deep breathing. Choices C and D are incorrect as they describe slow breathing patterns, which are opposite to tachypnoea.
The human vocal cords are located in the
- A. glottis.
- B. pharynx.
- C. larynx
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: larynx. The vocal cords are located in the larynx, specifically in the upper part known as the glottis. The glottis is a space within the larynx where the vocal cords are situated. The pharynx (B) is the passageway for both food and air, the trachea (D) is the windpipe connecting the larynx to the lungs. The vocal cords are responsible for producing sound by vibrating as air passes through them, and this process occurs in the larynx. Therefore, the correct answer is C: larynx.
The patient with sleep apnea is fitted with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask and asks the nurse how this device will help. How should the nurse respond?
- A. The device delivers constant positive pressure to keep your airway open.
- B. The device will require you to be intubated to open your airway.
- C. The device delivers oxygen only when you are apneic.
- D. The device delivers negative pressure to stimulate your respirations.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a CPAP mask delivers a constant positive pressure to keep the airway open during sleep, preventing airway collapse and interruptions in breathing. This helps improve oxygenation and reduce the frequency of apnea episodes. Choice B is incorrect as intubation is not required with CPAP. Choice C is incorrect as CPAP does not deliver oxygen, it only provides pressurized air. Choice D is incorrect as CPAP delivers positive pressure, not negative pressure, to support breathing.
Foetal hemoglobin has a Sigmoid dissociation curve which is shifted to left relative to adult Hb because
- A. Foetal Hb has higher P50
- B. Foetal HB has lower P50 (18-20 mm Hg) than Adult Hb (26.6 mm.Hg)
- C. Foetal Hb readily accept Oxygen
- D. Foetal Hb easily remove Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because foetal Hb has a lower P50 (18-20 mm Hg) than adult Hb (26.6 mm Hg). A lower P50 indicates higher oxygen affinity, allowing foetal Hb to bind oxygen more readily at lower partial pressures. This shift to the left of the dissociation curve ensures efficient oxygen transfer from the maternal bloodstream to the foetus. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because foetal Hb having a higher P50 (A), readily accepting oxygen (C), or easily removing carbon dioxide (D) would not explain the left shift in the dissociation curve.
A nurse is assisting a physician with the removal of a chest tube. The nurse should instruct the client to:
- A. Exhale slowly
- B. Stay very still
- C. Inhale and exhale quickly
- D. Perform the Valsalva maneuver
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Perform the Valsalva maneuver. The Valsalva maneuver involves holding the breath and bearing down, which helps prevent air from entering the pleural space during chest tube removal, reducing the risk of a pneumothorax. Exhaling slowly (A) or inhaling and exhaling quickly (C) can increase the risk of air entering the pleural space. Staying very still (B) is important to minimize movement during the procedure, but performing the Valsalva maneuver is crucial to prevent complications.