Nokea
The organ of the respiratory system that closes when food is being swallowed is the:
- A. nose
- B. pharynx
- C. larynx
- D. trachea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: larynx. The larynx houses the vocal cords and serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and trachea. During swallowing, the larynx closes to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway, directing them towards the esophagus instead. The nose (A) is not directly involved in swallowing. The pharynx (B) is a shared pathway for both air and food, but it does not actively close during swallowing. The trachea (D) is responsible for transporting air to and from the lungs and does not play a role in swallowing.
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The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to:
- A. the cell wall of bacteria.
- B. the plasma membrane of bacteria.
- C. two antibodies attached to an antigen.
- D. a cell surface antigen.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in the classic pathway of complement activation, C1 binds to two antibodies attached to an antigen, forming an immune complex. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions leading to the activation of complement proteins. Choice A is incorrect as C1 does not bind directly to the cell wall of bacteria. Choice B is incorrect as C1 does not bind to the plasma membrane of bacteria. Choice D is incorrect as C1 does not bind directly to a cell surface antigen. The key step in the classic pathway is the recognition of immune complexes by C1, initiating the complement activation cascade.
A nurse caring for a client removes the client's oxygen as prescribed. The client is now breathing what percentage of oxygen in the room air?
- A. 14%
- B. 21%
- C. 28%
- D. 31%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (21%). Room air contains approximately 21% oxygen. By removing the supplemental oxygen, the client is now breathing the oxygen content present in the surrounding air. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the standard oxygen concentration in room air. Oxygen concentration in room air is typically around 21%, making choice B the most accurate option.
Following assessment of a patient with pneumonia, the nurse identifies a nursing diagnosis of impaired gas exchange based on which finding?
- A. SpO of 86%
- B. Crackles in both lower lobes
- C. Temperature of 101.4ºF (38.6ºC)
- D. Production of greenish purulent sputum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Impaired gas exchange is indicated by a low SpO2 level, in this case 86%, which suggests inadequate oxygenation. Crackles, temperature, and sputum production are important assessments but do not directly indicate impaired gas exchange.
The human vocal cords are located in the
- A. glottis.
- B. pharynx.
- C. larynx
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: larynx. The vocal cords are located in the larynx, specifically in the upper part known as the glottis. The glottis is a space within the larynx where the vocal cords are situated. The pharynx (B) is the passageway for both food and air, the trachea (D) is the windpipe connecting the larynx to the lungs. The vocal cords are responsible for producing sound by vibrating as air passes through them, and this process occurs in the larynx. Therefore, the correct answer is C: larynx.
The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation.
- A. DRG
- B. VRG
- C. pneumotaxic centers
- D. LRG
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pneumotaxic centers. The pneumotaxic centers are located in the pons and regulate the rate and depth of breathing by inhibiting the apneustic centers in the medulla. This inhibition helps to promote passive or active exhalation.
A: DRG (dorsal respiratory group) is responsible for the initiation of inspiration.
B: VRG (ventral respiratory group) is involved in both inspiration and expiration.
D: LRG is not a recognized respiratory center in the brainstem.
In summary, the pneumotaxic centers play a crucial role in regulating breathing by inhibiting the apneustic centers, leading to exhalation.