Nokea
Growth hormone ________.
- A. is also called somatostatin
- B. is regulated by humoral mechanisms
- C. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
- D. promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because growth hormone promotes long bone growth during the formative years by stimulating the growth plates in bones. This hormone plays a crucial role in skeletal growth and development. Choice A is incorrect because somatostatin is a different hormone that inhibits growth hormone release. Choice B is incorrect because growth hormone is primarily regulated by neural mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect because growth hormone actually promotes muscle growth and reduces fat mass.
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Quinidine is a drug used for arrhythmias. One of its properties is strong postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. What side effect would you expect as a result of this property?
- A. Absence or at least decrease of lacrimal and mucus secretions
- B. Dilated pupils that don’t constrict in bright light
- C. Reduced blood pressure, hypotension
- D. Skeletal muscle tremors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reduced blood pressure, hypotension. Quinidine's strong postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity would result in decreased activation of these receptors, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure, which can cause hypotension. Choice A is incorrect because lacrimal and mucus secretions are not directly affected by alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking. Choice B is incorrect as dilated pupils are more associated with alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockade. Choice D is incorrect as skeletal muscle tremors are not a typical side effect of alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking.
The diabetic patient has all of these assessment findings. Which will you instruct the LPN/LVN to report immediately?
- A. Fingerstick glucose of 185 mg/dL
- B. Numbness and tingling in both feet
- C. Profuse perspiration
- D. Bunion on left great toe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Numbness and tingling in both feet are signs of diabetic neuropathy and could be indicative of a worsening condition that requires immediate reporting.
A child visiting his grandfather at his farm returns home having fever, skin flush, dry mouth, constipation, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate. Which of the following could be the offending agent:
- A. Eating seeds containing atropine
- B. Exposure to malathion insecticide
- C. Wrong intake of echothiophate drops
- D. Ingestion of physostigmine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Eating seeds containing atropine. Atropine is a plant alkaloid commonly found in certain seeds that can cause symptoms such as fever, skin flush, dry mouth, constipation, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate when ingested. Atropine is known to have anticholinergic effects, which align with the symptoms presented by the child. Malathion (B) is an insecticide that typically causes different symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Echothiophate drops (C) are cholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of glaucoma, which would not produce the described symptoms. Physostigmine (D) is a cholinesterase inhibitor that would not cause symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity seen in the child.
Hormones that bind to receptors inside of target cells are usually
- A. lipid soluble.
- B. water soluble.
- C. second messengers.
- D. proteins.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lipid soluble. Lipid-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. This binding activates gene expression and affects protein synthesis within the cell. Water-soluble hormones, like choice B, bind to cell surface receptors and activate signaling pathways through second messengers (choice C). Proteins (choice D) are not hormones but rather macromolecules that can act as signaling molecules or receptors. Lipid solubility is crucial for hormones to exert their effects inside target cells, making choice A the correct answer.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla will produce the same results as the _____ nervous system.
- A. sympathetic
- B. parasympathetic
- C. somatic
- D. central
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sympathetic. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system. They activate the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action in response to stress or danger. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because parasympathetic regulates rest and digest functions, somatic controls voluntary movements, and central refers to the brain and spinal cord, not a division of the autonomic nervous system like sympathetic.