Nokea
Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to ___.
- A. Addison disease.
- B. diabetes mellitus.
- C. Cushing syndrome.
- D. cretinism.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Addison disease. Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones can lead to Addison disease, characterized by fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin discoloration. This is because insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex can disrupt the body's stress response and electrolyte balance.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Diabetes mellitus is primarily related to insulin regulation issues, not adrenal cortex hormones.
C: Cushing syndrome is caused by hypersecretion, not hyposecretion, of adrenal cortex hormones.
D: Cretinism is associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, not adrenal cortex hormone deficiency.
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Which of the following can be performed to determine a client's general status and rule out disorders?
- A. A complete blood count
- B. A complete blood count and chemistry profile
- C. Chemistry profile
- D. Radiographs of the chest or abdomen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A complete blood count (CBC) and a chemistry profile provide a comprehensive overview of a client's general health status and help in ruling out various disorders.
In addition to promoting the transport of glucose from the blood into the cell, what does insulin do?
- A. Enhances the breakdown of adipose tissue for energy
- B. Stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- C. Prevents the transport of triglycerides into adipose tissue
- D. Accelerates the transport of amino acids into cells and their synthesis into protein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Insulin promotes the transport of glucose into cells and also enhances the transport of amino acids into cells, aiding protein synthesis.
From a medical perspective, ______ hormones can be taken orally because they are water-insoluble lipids and poorly digested.
- A. carbohydrate
- B. peptide
- C. protein
- D. steroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: steroid. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can pass through cell membranes easily. This property allows them to be taken orally since they are not digested in the stomach and can be absorbed in the intestines. Carbohydrates (A), peptides (B), and proteins (C) are water-soluble and cannot pass through cell membranes easily, making them unsuitable for oral administration.
The left supra-renal vein drains into:
- A. Inferior vena cava
- B. Inferior mesenteric vein
- C. Left renal vein
- D. Superior mesenteric vein
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The left supra-renal vein drains into the left renal vein. This is because the left adrenal gland is located above the left kidney, and the left renal vein is responsible for draining blood from the left kidney and adjacent structures, including the left adrenal gland. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
Incorrect options:
A: The inferior vena cava receives blood from various veins in the body but not specifically from the left supra-renal vein.
B: The inferior mesenteric vein drains the large intestine and does not receive blood from the left supra-renal vein.
D: The superior mesenteric vein drains blood from the small intestine and does not receive blood from the left supra-renal vein.
In summary, the left supra-renal vein drains into the left renal vein due to their anatomical proximity, making option C the correct answer.
Alpha methyl dopa can produce:
- A. Inhibition of decarboxylase enzyme
- B. Increases renin
- C. Stimulation of Alpha2 receptor centrally
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Alpha methyl dopa is a centrally acting antihypertensive medication.
Step 2: It is a prodrug that is converted to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the brain.
Step 3: This metabolite stimulates alpha2 receptors in the brain, leading to decreased sympathetic outflow.
Step 4: Decreased sympathetic outflow results in decreased peripheral vascular resistance and ultimately decreases blood pressure.
Summary: Option D is correct because alpha methyl dopa decreases blood pressure by acting centrally on alpha2 receptors. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as alpha methyl dopa does not inhibit decarboxylase enzyme, increase renin, or stimulate alpha2 receptors centrally.