Nokea
In a radical pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) for treatment of cancer of the pancreas, what anatomic structure is completely resected that will affect the patient's nutritional status?
- A. Stomach
- B. Pancreas
- C. Common bile duct
- D. Duodenum adjoining the pancreas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Whipple procedure involves the removal of the duodenum, which plays a key role in digestion and nutrient absorption.
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Regarding HCL:
- A. it inhibits pepsinogen.
- B. it helps in absorption of iron.
- C. it helps in absorption of vitamin B12.
- D. is secreted in response to sympathetic stimulation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: HCL helps in the digestion of food by creating an acidic environment in the stomach.
Step 2: This acidic environment aids in the breakdown of food components, including iron.
Step 3: Iron absorption is enhanced in the presence of HCL.
Conclusion: Choice B is correct as HCL helps in the absorption of iron. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as HCL does not inhibit pepsinogen, aid in absorption of vitamin B12, or secreted in response to sympathetic stimulation.
The term wisdom tooth refers to the _____ tooth.
- A. incisor
- B. third molar
- C. second bicuspid
- D. first cuspid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: third molar. Wisdom teeth are the third molars located at the back of the mouth. They typically erupt in late teens or early twenties. Incisors (A) are front teeth for cutting, second bicuspids (C) help with chewing, and first cuspids (D) are also known as canines for tearing food. The key is understanding dental anatomy and the specific location/function of each tooth type.
Which statement best describes the process of absorption of vitamins from the intestine?
- A. All of the options given are correct
- B. Vitamin E is absorbed by a protein which normally binds peroxidised fatty acids to scavenge them
- C. It is necessary to dephosphorylate thiamine pyrophosphate or pyridoxal phosphate before they can be absorbed
- D. Oxidised vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) is absorbed by a glucose transporter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the absorption of vitamins from the intestine involves various mechanisms. Vitamin E is indeed absorbed by a protein that binds peroxidized fatty acids. Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxal phosphate need to be dephosphorylated before absorption. Oxidized vitamin C is absorbed by a glucose transporter. Therefore, all the options given are correct as they describe different aspects of the absorption process. Each choice provides a unique insight into how different vitamins are absorbed, highlighting the complexity of the absorption process.
Which of the following cells produce hydrochloric acid?
- A. parietal cells
- B. enteroendocrine cells
- C. mucous neck cells
- D. chief cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parietal cells. Parietal cells are located in the gastric glands of the stomach and are responsible for producing hydrochloric acid to help with digestion. They also secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential for vitamin B12 absorption. Enteroendocrine cells (B) produce hormones, mucous neck cells (C) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and chief cells (D) produce pepsinogen for protein digestion, but they do not produce hydrochloric acid. Therefore, parietal cells are the only cells among the choices that specifically produce hydrochloric acid.
Stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus will cause
- A. inhibition of local secretions.
- B. inhibition of peristalsis.
- C. stimulation of local secretions.
- D. stimulation of peristalsis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stimulation of parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from Auerbach's or myenteric plexus leads to the release of acetylcholine, which enhances GI motility and peristalsis. This is because acetylcholine acts on smooth muscle and stimulates contractions, promoting movement of food through the GI tract. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
A: Inhibition of local secretions is incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation usually enhances glandular secretions in the GI tract.
B: Inhibition of peristalsis is incorrect because parasympathetic stimulation typically increases peristalsis.
C: Stimulation of local secretions is incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation usually promotes secretion but does not inhibit it.