Nokea
In brain injury a severe trauma in which the brain is not just jarred but the impact also causes bruising to the brain is known as:
- A. Concussion.
- B. Contusion.
- C. Encephalitis.
- D. Crainitus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A contusion is a type of brain injury characterized by bruising and damage to brain tissue, often resulting from a direct impact to the head. Unlike a concussion, which involves temporary dysfunction without visible damage, a contusion causes physical injury to the brain, leading to swelling, bleeding, and potential long-term neurological deficits. Contusions require careful monitoring and treatment to prevent complications such as increased intracranial pressure.
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The poison curare is a(n) ________ for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
- A. antagonist
- B. protagonist
- C. agonist
- D. cure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Curare is an antagonist for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, meaning it blocks acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents acetylcholine from binding to its receptors and initiating muscle contraction, leading to paralysis. Curare has been used historically as a poison and in medical procedures to induce muscle relaxation. Its action highlights the importance of acetylcholine in muscle function and the effects of receptor blockade.
Compared with myelinated nerve fibres, non-myelinated nerve fibres:
- A. have a higher threshold for stimulation
- B. have a longer refractory period
- C. transmit impulses at a lower frequency
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Non-myelinated nerve fibers have a higher stimulation threshold, longer refractory period, and lower impulse transmission frequency compared to myelinated fibers. These differences are due to the lack of saltatory conduction in non-myelinated fibers.
Like other systems in the body, the nervous system is composed of organs, principally the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and _______.
- A. ganglia
- B. axon
- C. neurons
- D. dura mater
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nervous system is composed of several key organs, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system and play a role in processing and transmitting nerve signals. Axons and neurons are components of nerves, while the dura mater is a protective membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Ganglia are the correct answer as they are distinct organs within the nervous system.
Which nerve projects to the hypothalamus to indicate the level of light stimuli in the retina?
- A. glossopharyngeal
- B. oculomotor
- C. optic
- D. vagus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: optic nerve. The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain, including the hypothalamus. Light stimuli levels are detected by the retina and transmitted via the optic nerve to the hypothalamus for regulating various physiological processes.
A: glossopharyngeal - This nerve is responsible for taste and some motor functions in the throat, not related to light stimuli detection in the retina.
B: oculomotor - This nerve controls eye movements, not directly involved in transmitting light stimuli levels to the hypothalamus.
D: vagus - This nerve is responsible for parasympathetic functions in the body, not related to processing light stimuli information in the retina.
While having his height measured during a routine health examination, a 79-year-old man asks the nurse why he is 'shrinking.' How should the nurse explain the decreased height that occurs with aging?
- A. Decreased muscle mass results in a stooped posture
- B. Loss of cartilage in the knees and hip joints causes a loss of height
- C. Long bones become less dense and shorten as bone tissue compacts
- D. Vertebrae become more compressed with thinning of intervertebral discs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Compression of vertebrae contributes to height loss.