Nokea
In preparing a client for a colonoscopy procedure, which task is most suitable to delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Explain the need for clear liquids 1-3 days prior to procedure.
- B. Reinforce NPO status 8 hours prior to procedure.
- C. Administer laxatives 1-3 days prior to procedure.
- D. Administer an enema the night before the procedure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Delegation Principle - The task should be within the nursing assistant's scope of practice.
Step 2: NPO reinforcement is a basic instruction that does not require clinical judgment.
Step 3: Nursing assistant can remind the client about NPO status without interpreting medical information.
Step 4: Administering laxatives (C) and enema (D) require clinical judgment and should be done by licensed staff.
Step 5: Explaining the need for clear liquids (A) involves providing medical information, not just a reminder.
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The role of parietal cells is to:
- A. Secretes hydrogen ions and chloride ions into lumen and are responsible for maintaining the acidic pH
- B. alkaline mucous for shielding the epithelium from hydrochloric acid
- C. Secretes histamine which stimulates gastric acid secretion
- D. Secretes gastric lipase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because parietal cells secrete hydrogen ions and chloride ions into the lumen, which combine to form hydrochloric acid, maintaining the acidic pH of the stomach essential for digestion. Option B is incorrect as alkaline mucous is produced by goblet cells, not parietal cells. Option C is incorrect as histamine is secreted by enterochromaffin-like cells, not parietal cells. Option D is incorrect as gastric lipase is primarily secreted by chief cells in the stomach.
Which of these structures is found in the small intestine?
- A. Villi
- B. Hepatic portal vein
- C. Goblet cells
- D. Mesenteries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Villi. Villi are finger-like projections lining the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. This structure is crucial for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Hepatic portal vein - This structure is not found in the small intestine but connects the intestines to the liver.
C: Goblet cells - While present in the small intestine, they are not a defining structure of the small intestine.
D: Mesenteries - These are connective tissues that support and hold organs in place, not a structure specific to the small intestine.
Mucosal necrosis is an essential part of:
- A. blind loop syndrome
- B. pseudomembranous enterocolitis
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Mucosal necrosis is a key characteristic of pseudomembranous enterocolitis, a condition caused by Clostridium difficile infection. The bacteria release toxins that lead to inflammation and damage to the mucosal lining of the intestines, resulting in mucosal necrosis. Blind loop syndrome (choice A) does not specifically involve mucosal necrosis, while pseudomembranous enterocolitis (choice B) does. Choice C is incorrect because only pseudomembranous enterocolitis involves mucosal necrosis. Choice D is incorrect as pseudomembranous enterocolitis does involve mucosal necrosis.
Which of the following statements are correct? P. Mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach. Q. Cholecystokinin, gastrin and secretin are produced by an enteroendocrine cells. R. Pancreas, small intestine and salivary glands produce digestive enzymes. S. Mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells present in the stomach.
- A. P and Q
- B. Q and R
- C. P,Q and R
- D. P,Q,R and S
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sure! Here is a step-by-step rationale for why answer choice D is correct:
P. Mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach: This statement is correct as the stomach performs mechanical digestion through the churning and mixing of food with gastric juices.
Q. Cholecystokinin, gastrin, and secretin are produced by enteroendocrine cells: This statement is correct as these hormones are indeed produced by enteroendocrine cells to regulate various digestive processes.
R. Pancreas, small intestine, and salivary glands produce digestive enzymes: This statement is correct as these organs are key producers of digestive enzymes essential for breaking down food components.
S. Mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells are present in the stomach: This statement is correct as these are the types of cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach responsible for producing mucus, pepsinogen, and hydrochloric acid, respectively.
In summary, all the statements in answer choice D
Which of the following is not part of the large intestines?
- A. Transverse colon
- B. Appendix
- C. Cecum
- D. Duodenum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, not the large intestine. The transverse colon, appendix, and cecum are all parts of the large intestine. The duodenum plays a crucial role in the digestion process, receiving partially digested food from the stomach and further breaking it down with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. It is important to differentiate between the small and large intestines to understand their distinct functions within the digestive system.