Nokea
Insulin:
- A. is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
- B. is secreted by the liver.
- C. raises blood glucose levels.
- D. is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.
2. Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin.
3. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing glucose uptake and storage.
4. Therefore, choice A is correct as it accurately identifies the source of insulin secretion.
Summary:
- Choice B is incorrect as the liver does not secrete insulin.
- Choice C is incorrect as insulin lowers blood glucose levels.
- Choice D is incorrect as insulin is released in response to high, not low, blood glucose levels.
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Lactogenic hormone:
- A. is also called oxytocin.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
- D. exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Lactogenic hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, essential for lactation.
2. Oxytocin is a different hormone that causes milk ejection, not production.
3. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH affect gonads, not lactation.
4. Choice C directly relates to lactation, making it the correct answer.
The Action of Parathormone in the Human Body
- A. Decreases blood sodium level
- B. Increases blood sodium level
- C. Decreases blood calcium level
- D. Increases blood calcium level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increases blood calcium level. Parathormone is released by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. It acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This helps to maintain proper calcium levels in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because parathormone does not have any direct effect on blood sodium levels and actually works to increase, not decrease, blood calcium levels.
A client is admitted to the hospital with Addison's disease. When discharging the client, the nurse reviews discharge instructions on nutrition. Which of the following discharge instructions are important for the client with Addison's disease regarding nutrition?
- A. Eat a diet high in protein, low in refined carbohydrates
- B. Consume two meals per day
- C. Eat foods high in potassium
- D. Drink less than 1 L of fluid per day
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A diet high in protein and low in refined carbohydrates is important for clients with Addison's disease to support adrenal function and manage their condition.
Concerning physostigmine, which of the following is CORRECT:
- A. Is a natural quaternary ammonium compound
- B. Has no CNS action
- C. It is an irreversible anti-cholinesterase
- D. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because physostigmine is used in the treatment of glaucoma due to its ability to lower intraocular pressure. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased levels of acetylcholine which helps in constricting the pupil and improving drainage of fluid in the eye. Options A and C are incorrect as physostigmine is a tertiary amine and a reversible anti-cholinesterase. Option B is incorrect as physostigmine does have CNS action, crossing the blood-brain barrier and affecting brain function.
A deficiency of ADH most likely:
- A. elevates blood glucose levels.
- B. causes diabetes mellitus.
- C. induces polyuria.
- D. expands blood volume.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
2. A deficiency of ADH leads to decreased water reabsorption, resulting in increased urine output (polyuria).
3. Polyuria causes dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and concentrated urine.
4. Elevated blood glucose levels (choice A) and diabetes mellitus (choice B) are not directly related to ADH deficiency.
5. Expanding blood volume (choice D) would not occur due to decreased water reabsorption.
Summary:
A deficiency of ADH most likely induces polyuria by decreasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Elevated blood glucose levels, diabetes mellitus, and expanding blood volume are not direct consequences of ADH deficiency.