Nokea
Milrinone is an example of
- A. Phosphodiesterase I inhibitor
- B. Phosphodiesterase II inhibitor
- C. Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor
- D. Phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Milrinone inhibits PDE3, increasing cAMP in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, leading to inotropic and vasodilatory effects.
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Tick the drug, inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in some species of helminthes:
- A. Niclosamide
- B. Piperazine
- C. Praziquantel
- D. Mebendazole
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Niclosamide inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by blocking the electron transport chain in helminthes. It disrupts their energy production, leading to paralysis and death. Piperazine acts on GABA receptors, Praziquantel disrupts the parasite's tegument, and Mebendazole inhibits microtubule function. Therefore, Niclosamide is the correct choice for inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation in helminthes.
A 78-year-old patient is in the recovery room after having a lengthy surgery on his hip. As he is gradually awakening, he requests pain medication. Within 10 minutes after receiving a dose of morphine sulfate, he is very lethargic and his respirations are shallow, with a rate of 7 per minute. The nurse prepares for which priority action at this time?
- A. Assessment of the patient’s pain level
- B. Immediate intubation and artificial ventilation
- C. Administration of naloxone (Narcan)
- D. Close observation of signs of opioid tolerance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Administration of naloxone (Narcan). Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can reverse the effects of opioids such as morphine, particularly in cases of opioid overdose leading to respiratory depression. In this scenario, the patient is showing signs of opioid toxicity, such as shallow respirations, which can progress to respiratory arrest. Administering naloxone is the priority to reverse the opioid effects and restore normal respiratory function. This intervention takes precedence over other actions such as pain assessment (choice A), intubation (choice B), or close observation for tolerance (choice D) because the patient's safety and well-being are at immediate risk due to respiratory depression.
Digitalis was discovered by
- A. William Withering
- B. Ottolewi
- C. Walksman
- D. Dale
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: William Withering identified digitalis' cardiac effects in 1785, pioneering its use in heart failure.
Which of the following antihyperlipidemic drugs would be relatively contraindicated in this patient?
- A. Cholestyramine
- B. Niacin
- C. Ezetimibe
- D. Lovastatin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Niacin. Niacin can cause hepatotoxicity and exacerbate liver conditions, which would be a concern in this patient. Cholestyramine (A) works in the intestines, Ezetimibe (C) inhibits cholesterol absorption, and Lovastatin (D) inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the liver, none of which are contraindicated in liver conditions.
Gemfibrozil (Lopid) increases concentrations of HDL cholesterol more than clofibrate (Atromid-S). This consideration is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. All
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Gemfibrozil (Lopid) is known to be more effective at increasing HDL cholesterol levels compared to clofibrate (Atromid-S). This is supported by clinical studies showing a greater impact on HDL concentrations with gemfibrozil. Choice B is incorrect as it contradicts the established evidence. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the comparative efficacy between Gemfibrozil and clofibrate in increasing HDL cholesterol levels.