Nokea
Mrs. T. also complains of hoarseness, which results from
- A. increased capillary permeability
- B. a secondary respiratory infection
- C. a large thyroid tumor pressing on the larynx
- D. a psychologic illness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because hoarseness can be caused by a large thyroid tumor pressing on the larynx, affecting vocal cord function. This physical obstruction directly interferes with the ability of the vocal cords to vibrate properly, leading to hoarseness. Increased capillary permeability (A) would not result in hoarseness. A secondary respiratory infection (B) may cause coughing or throat irritation, but not hoarseness specifically. A psychologic illness (D) would not directly cause hoarseness as it is a physical symptom related to the vocal cords.
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A 75 year old man is suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy and is being * treated with terazosin. Which of the following adverse reaction would be expected taking this drug?
- A. Erectile dysfunction
- B. Orthostatic hypotension
- C. GI distress
- D. Gynecomastia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Orthostatic hypotension. Terazosin is an alpha-1 blocker commonly used to treat BPH. It can cause vasodilation, leading to a drop in blood pressure, especially when standing up suddenly, resulting in orthostatic hypotension. This is because terazosin relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels, causing dilation and blood pooling in the extremities. Erectile dysfunction (A) is not a common side effect of terazosin. GI distress (C) is less likely because terazosin does not directly affect the gastrointestinal system. Gynecomastia (D) is not a typical side effect of terazosin since it does not impact hormone levels significantly.
Clavulanic acid is combined with amoxicillin because: *
- A. It inhibits beta lactamases that destroy amoxicillin
- B. It prevents renal excretion of amoxicillin
- C. It destroy bacteria that are not destroyed by amoxicillin
- D. It counteracts the adverse effects of amoxicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because clavulanic acid acts as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, protecting amoxicillin from being destroyed by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria. This allows amoxicillin to effectively kill the bacteria. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because clavulanic acid does not prevent renal excretion of amoxicillin, destroy bacteria directly, or counteract adverse effects of amoxicillin. The primary purpose of combining clavulanic acid with amoxicillin is to enhance amoxicillin's effectiveness by preventing its degradation by bacterial enzymes.
Intravenous furosemide is an alternative potent diuretic to Mannitol in the * treatment of the following condition:
- A. Cardiac edema
- B. Cerebral edema
- C. Cirrhotic edema
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Mannitol is typically used for cerebral edema due to its osmotic diuretic properties that reduce intracranial pressure. Furosemide is a loop diuretic commonly used for conditions like pulmonary edema. Therefore, intravenous furosemide is an alternative potent diuretic to Mannitol in the treatment of cerebral edema.
Summary:
A: Cardiac edema - Loop diuretics like furosemide are commonly used in cardiac edema, not Mannitol.
C: Cirrhotic edema - Loop diuretics are used in cirrhotic edema, but Mannitol is not typically indicated.
D: Pulmonary edema - Furosemide is commonly used in pulmonary edema, but Mannitol is not indicated for this condition.
A 2-year-old boy has been diagnosed with physiologic cryptorchidism. Considering this diagnosis, during assessment the nurse will most likely observe:
- A. Testes that are hard and painful to palpation.
- B. Atrophic scrotum and a bilateral absence of the testis.
- C. Absence of the testis in the scrotum, but the testis can be milked down.
- D. Testes that migrate into the abdomen when the child squats or sits cross-legge
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Physiologic cryptorchidism refers to a common condition in newborns where the testes have not descended into the scrotum but can be manually pushed down (milked) into the scrotum. This is a normal developmental process that usually resolves by the age of 3 months.
Rationale:
1. Absence of the testis in the scrotum: In physiologic cryptorchidism, the testes are not palpable in the scrotum due to incomplete descent.
2. Testis can be milked down: The testes can be gently pushed down into the scrotum, indicating that they are present and capable of descending on their own.
Summary of other choices:
A: Testes that are hard and painful to palpation is incorrect because physiologic cryptorchidism is not associated with inflammation or pain.
B: Atrophic scrotum and bilateral absence of the testis is incorrect as
The basic function of the renal system includes filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion. Which of the following substances is secreted by the nephrons and can be found in the filtrate that is eventually excreted?
- A. Amino Acids
- B. Creatinine
- C. Sodium
- D. Glucose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Creatinine. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism and is filtered by the nephrons in the kidneys. It is then secreted into the filtrate and eventually excreted in the urine. A: Amino Acids are reabsorbed by the nephrons, not secreted. C: Sodium is primarily reabsorbed by the nephrons to maintain electrolyte balance. D: Glucose is normally completely reabsorbed by the nephrons unless there is a medical condition such as diabetes where it may be found in the urine.