Nokea
Out of a normal adult's 32 teeth, how many are molars?
- A. 2
- B. 4
- C. 8
- D. 12
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 12. Molars are the broad, flat teeth at the back of the mouth used for grinding food. In an adult, there are 12 molars - 3 on each side of the upper and lower jaws. This totals to 12 out of 32 teeth. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
A: 2 - This is incorrect as it is too low for the number of molars in an adult.
B: 4 - This is incorrect as it is too low for the number of molars in an adult.
C: 8 - This is incorrect as it is too low for the number of molars in an adult.
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In most regions of the GI tract, smooth muscle fibres of the muscularis are arranged into:
- A. Circular muscle (inner) followed by longitudinal muscle (outer)
- B. Longitudinal muscle (inner) followed by Circular muscle (outer)
- C. Circular and Longitudinal muscle whose relative position varies at different regions
- D. Circular muscle (inner) followed by Longitudinal muscle and Serosa (outer)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because in most regions of the GI tract, the smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis layer are arranged with circular muscle fibers in the inner layer followed by longitudinal muscle fibers in the outer layer. This arrangement allows for peristalsis, the coordinated and rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract. Circular muscles constrict the lumen of the tract, while longitudinal muscles shorten or lengthen the organ. This arrangement is crucial for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the typical arrangement of smooth muscle fibers in the GI tract. Choice B reverses the order of the muscle layers, which would disrupt peristalsis. Choice C is vague and does not provide a specific and accurate description of the muscle arrangement. Choice D includes the serosa layer, which is not part of the muscularis layer where the smooth muscle fibers are located.
Neural networks can be categorized by the main neurotransmitter involved - for example, the dopamine network, the norepinephrine network, etc. Which of the following statements below describing these networks is false?
- A. Parkinson's disease is associated with a loss of the dopamine network
- B. cholinesterase inhibitors can increase acetylcholine levels and treat Alzheimer's symptoms
- C. inhibition of the dopamine network is associated with various drug addictions
- D. some stimulants work through activation of the norepinephrine network
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because inhibition of the dopamine network is not associated with drug addictions; rather, it is often linked to reward, pleasure, and reinforcement in addiction. Parkinson's disease is associated with a loss of the dopamine network (A), cholinesterase inhibitors increase acetylcholine levels to treat Alzheimer's symptoms (B), and some stimulants work through the activation of the norepinephrine network (D).
A woman is 5 ft
- A. 6 in (166 cm) tall and weighs 200 lb (90.9 kg) with a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7. The nurse counsels the patient with the knowledge that the patient is at greatest risk for
- B. heart disease.
- C. osteoporosis.
- D. diabetes mellitus.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A high waist-to-hip ratio indicates a higher risk for heart disease due to visceral fat accumulation in the abdominal area.
The pancreatic juice, produced by acinar cells, is secreted into the
- A. stomach
- B. duodenum
- C. jejunum
- D. ileum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: duodenum. Pancreatic juice is secreted by acinar cells in the pancreas and is released into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. This is where pancreatic enzymes help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The stomach (choice A) secretes gastric juice, not pancreatic juice. The jejunum (choice C) and ileum (choice D) are parts of the small intestine where absorption of nutrients occurs, but they are not the sites of pancreatic juice secretion.
The patient is receiving the following medications. Which one is prescribed to relieve symptoms rather than treat a disease?
- A. Corticosteroids
- B. 6-Mercaptopurine
- C. Antidiarrheal agents
- D. Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Antidiarrheal agents are prescribed to relieve symptoms of diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease, rather than treating the underlying disease.