Nokea
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- A. Located outside the CNS
- B. Consists of Nerves and Ganglia
- C. Brain & Spinal cord
- D. A& b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes nerves and ganglia, making choice B correct.
2. PNS is located outside the Central Nervous System (CNS), supporting choice A.
3. Since both A and B are accurate statements, the correct answer is D.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct because the PNS is located outside the CNS.
- Choice B is correct as the PNS includes nerves and ganglia.
- Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the CNS (Brain & Spinal cord).
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Which of the following statements is NOT true? The SARS coronavirus
- A. Caused an epidemic in 2003 that registered 10% mortality rate
- B. Caused an acute infection of the lungs classified as acute respiratory distress syndrome
- C. Is also the causal agent of MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)
- D. Is thought to have been transmitted from bats to civets and from civets to humans
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the statement that SARS coronavirus is also the causal agent of MERS is false. MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) is caused by a different coronavirus called MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV caused the 2003 epidemic with a 10% mortality rate, which aligns with statement A. Statement B is correct as SARS-CoV does cause an acute infection of the lungs known as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Statement D is also true as SARS-CoV is believed to have been transmitted from bats to civets and then to humans. Therefore, the incorrect statement is C.
What are the effects of histamine released from mast cells?
- A. Increased vascular permeability and bronchoconstriction
- B. Neutralization of antigens and opsonization
- C. Complement activation and T cell proliferation
- D. Direct lysis of pathogens
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because histamine released from mast cells causes increased vascular permeability, leading to edema, and bronchoconstriction, contributing to respiratory symptoms. This is a key mechanism in allergic reactions.
B: Neutralization of antigens and opsonization are functions of antibodies, not histamine.
C: Complement activation and T cell proliferation are separate immune responses not mediated by histamine.
D: Direct lysis of pathogens is typically carried out by immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells, not histamine.
What is a characteristic disease associated with Type III hypersensitivity?
- A. Grave's disease
- B. Goodpasture's syndrome
- C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- D. Contact dermatitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In Type III hypersensitivity, immune complexes form and deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. SLE is a classic example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction where these immune complexes deposit in various organs causing systemic inflammation and damage. Graves's disease (A) is an example of Type II hypersensitivity, where autoantibodies target cell-surface receptors. Goodpasture's syndrome (B) is a Type II hypersensitivity disease affecting the kidneys and lungs. Contact dermatitis (D) is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells, not involving immune complexes. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it aligns with the characteristic disease associated with Type III hypersensitivity.
T regulatory cells are NOT
- A. Generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3
- B. Generated in the periphery in response to cytokines
- C. Able to inhibit effector T cells
- D. Able to cause immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because T regulatory cells are known to suppress immune responses and promote immune tolerance, which is opposite to causing immunity. Choice A is incorrect because T regulatory cells are indeed generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3. Choice B is incorrect as T regulatory cells can also be generated in the periphery in response to cytokines. Choice C is incorrect as T regulatory cells are known to inhibit effector T cells to regulate immune responses.
Which condition is caused by a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Anaphylaxis
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Grave's disease
- D. Goodpasture's syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sarcoidosis. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by T cells and are characterized by delayed onset inflammatory responses. Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease where T cells form granulomas in affected tissues. Anaphylaxis (A) is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE antibodies. Grave's disease (C) is an autoimmune disorder caused by Type II hypersensitivity reaction mediated by antibodies. Goodpasture's syndrome (D) is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction involving antibodies attacking basement membranes. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it fits the characteristics of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.