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Pituitary Hormone Triggering the Male Testes to Generate Sperm and in Females, Triggering Follicular Development Every Month Is
- A. Prolactin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for triggering follicular development in females and sperm production in males. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to the release of an egg during ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support the development of sperm.
A: Prolactin is not involved in the process of follicular development or sperm production.
B: Growth hormone is not directly related to the regulation of reproductive functions.
D: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, but it is not the hormone that triggers follicular development or sperm production.
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Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex?
- A. Insulin
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aldosterone. The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, which helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Insulin (A) is produced by the pancreas, epinephrine (B) is produced by the adrenal medulla, and glucagon (D) is produced by the pancreas. Aldosterone is the only hormone produced by the adrenal cortex among the options provided, making it the correct answer.
Which instruction given to a patient taking a β-blocker is essential to reduce the chance of an adverse response to the β-blocker, regardless of the purpose for which it’s been prescribed?
- A. Don’t stop taking this medication without a doctor’s advice first. A severe reaction can happen within days if you stop abruptly.
- B. Don’t go too far away from a bathroom; this drug usually causes urinary frequency.
- C. It’s likely to cause blurred vision for a few days; you may have trouble reading.
- D. It’s likely to cause constipation, so eat plenty of fiber and drink plenty of water.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Don't stop taking this medication without a doctor's advice first." Abruptly stopping a β-blocker can lead to severe adverse reactions like rebound hypertension, angina exacerbation, or arrhythmias due to sudden withdrawal. This instruction is crucial to prevent these potentially dangerous consequences.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
B: β-blockers are not known to commonly cause urinary frequency, so this warning is unnecessary.
C: Blurred vision is not a common side effect of β-blockers, so this warning is irrelevant.
D: While constipation can be a side effect of some medications, it is not a prominent side effect of β-blockers, so this advice is not essential for patients taking β-blockers.
Intravenous administration of epinephrine to a patient results in a severe decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output. Which of the following drugs might the patient have previously taken that could account for this unexpected effect?
- A. Propranolol
- B. Atropine
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Prazosin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prazosin. Prazosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, which blocks the vasoconstrictor effect of catecholamines like epinephrine, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in diastolic pressure. The unexpected effect of a decrease in diastolic pressure and an increase in cardiac output after epinephrine administration suggests that the patient might have taken a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors. Propranolol (A) is a beta-blocker, which would not cause this effect. Atropine (B) is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and would not explain the observed effects. Phenylephrine (C) is an alpha-1 agonist, so it would not result in the described response. Therefore, Prazosin (D) is the most likely drug the patient previously took to account for the unexpected effects of epinephrine administration.
Which of the following nerves is related to the medial surface of thyroid gland?
- A. External laryngeal nerve
- B. Hypoglossal nerve
- C. Internal laryngeal nerve
- D. Vagus nerve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: External laryngeal nerve. This nerve runs along the medial surface of the thyroid gland, providing motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue, C: Internal laryngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the larynx, and D: Vagus nerve innervates various organs in the thorax and abdomen.
Which of the following glands disappears during old age?
- A. Thymus
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Thyroid
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The thymus gland is the correct answer because it involutes or shrinks with age, leading to decreased immune function. The parathyroid, thyroid, and pituitary glands do not disappear with old age but may undergo changes in function. The parathyroid regulates calcium levels, the thyroid controls metabolism, and the pituitary gland secretes various hormones. Therefore, the thymus gland is the only gland that disappears during old age, making it the correct answer.