Nokea
Regarding pancreatic secretion:
- A. Trypsin is secreted in the active form.
- B. CCK stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate.
- C. Secretin stimulates the secretion of enzymes.
- D. Chemotrypsinogen is activated by trypsin.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. Chemotrypsinogen is the inactive precursor of chymotrypsin.
2. Trypsin activates chemotrypsinogen to form active chymotrypsin.
3. This activation occurs in the small intestine, enabling protein digestion.
Summary:
A: Trypsin is secreted as an inactive zymogen, not in the active form.
B: CCK stimulates enzyme secretion, not bicarbonate.
C: Secretin mainly stimulates bicarbonate secretion, not enzymes.
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Which of the following statements about the role of the intestine in development of obesity best describes the situation?
- A. Obesity occurs because gut hormone secretion becomes deranged and PYY secretion fails to give a satiety signal.
- B. The gut/brain signalling pathway controls energy intake to within 2% of requirements, even in people who are morbidly obese
- C. The problem is one of greed and gluttony, whereby people override strong satiety signals on a regular basis
- D. Flavour signals from tasty, processed food will override satiety signals even after a large meal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because flavor signals from tasty, processed food can indeed override satiety signals even after a large meal. This is due to the hedonic aspect of eating, where the pleasure derived from consuming flavorful foods can lead to overeating despite feeling full. The brain's reward system plays a significant role in this process, causing individuals to continue eating beyond their caloric needs. In contrast, choices A, B, and C do not accurately describe the role of the intestine in the development of obesity. Choice A focuses on hormonal imbalances, which can contribute to obesity but does not solely explain the complex nature of obesity development. Choice B oversimplifies the control of energy intake, disregarding the various factors influencing eating behaviors. Choice C places the blame solely on personal choices without considering the physiological and psychological factors that contribute to overeating.
Following a hemorrhoidectomy, what should the nurse advise the patient to do?
- A. Use daily laxatives to facilitate bowel emptying.
- B. Use ice packs to the perineum to prevent swelling.
- C. Avoid having a bowel movement for several days until healing occurs.
- D. Take warm sitz baths several times a day to promote comfort and cleaning.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sitz baths help reduce pain and swelling, promote comfort, and support wound healing after a hemorrhoidectomy.
Ferritin is a globular protein that transports and stores ______ in the liver and blood.
- A. glycogen
- B. lipids
- C. vitamin B12
- D. iron
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: iron. Ferritin is a protein that binds and stores iron in the liver and blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating iron levels in the body. Glycogen (A) is a storage form of glucose, not stored by ferritin. Lipids (B) are not stored by ferritin either. Vitamin B12 (C) is mainly stored in the liver bound to specific proteins, not ferritin. Iron is the correct answer as it aligns with the main function of ferritin in iron transport and storage.
Which of the following statements regarding the adaptive immune response is false?
- A. major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) display both self and non-self antigens
- B. the MHC is not required for the activation of T helper cells by a foreign antigen
- C. activated effector T helper cells can activate both T and B lymphocytes/cells
- D. T cells use 'chemical warfare' while B cells send out antibodies against the foreign antigen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct because the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is indeed required for the activation of T helper cells by a foreign antigen. This is because T helper cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Without MHC presentation, T helper cells cannot be activated.
Choice A is incorrect because MHC molecules do display both self and non-self antigens, which is crucial for the immune system to distinguish between harmful invaders and healthy cells.
Choice C is incorrect because activated effector T helper cells can indeed activate both T and B lymphocytes/cells, playing a key role in coordinating the adaptive immune response.
Choice D is incorrect because T cells do not use 'chemical warfare'; instead, they directly attack infected cells, while B cells produce antibodies that target specific antigens.
In summary, choice B is false because the MHC is necessary for T helper cell activation, while choices A, C, and D are true statements regarding the adaptive immune response.
A patient with an obstruction of the common bile duct has clay-colored fatty stools, among other manifestations. What is the pathophysiologic change that causes this clinical manifestation?
- A. Soluble bilirubin in the blood excreted into the urine
- B. Absence of bile salts in the intestine and duodenum, preventing fat emulsion and digestion
- C. Contraction of the inflamed gallbladder and obstructed ducts, stimulated by cholecystokinin when fats enter the duodenum
- D. Obstruction of the common duct prevents bile drainage into the duodenum, resulting in congestion of bile in the liver and subsequent absorption into the blood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The absence of bile salts in the intestine due to obstruction prevents fat emulsification and digestion, leading to fatty stools (steatorrhea).