Nokea
T3 and T4:
- A. stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH.
- B. regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
- C. stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct:
1. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
2. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism.
3. T3 and T4 directly influence the basal metabolic rate (BMR).
4. An increase in T3 and T4 levels leads to an increase in BMR.
5. Therefore, choice B is correct as T3 and T4 regulate the basal metabolic rate.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice A (stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete TSH) is incorrect as TSH is produced by the pituitary gland, not affected by T3 and T4.
- Choice C (stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating plasma calcium levels) is incorrect as this function is primarily attributed to parathyroid hormone, not T3 and T4.
- Choice D (all is applicable) is incorrect as only choice B
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What describes the primary difference in treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)?
- A. DKA requires administration of bicarbonate to correct acidosis.
- B. Potassium replacement is not necessary in management of HHS.
- C. HHS requires greater fluid replacement to correct the dehydration.
- D. Administration of glucose is withheld in HHS until the blood glucose reaches a normal level.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HHS requires more fluid replacement due to severe dehydration, while DKA management focuses more on correcting acidosis and insulin deficiency.
Which gland is responsible for the production of insulin?
- A. ovaries
- B. testes
- C. hypothalamus
- D. islets of Langerhans
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells within the pancreas are responsible for producing insulin. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. The ovaries (A) and testes (B) are not responsible for insulin production. The hypothalamus (C) plays a role in regulating many bodily functions, but it is not directly involved in insulin production.
Which of the following is NOT true of cortisol?
- A. It counteracts the inflammatory response.
- B. It promotes the breakdown of proteins to amino acids that the liver uses to convert to glucose.
- C. It promotes metabolism of fatty acids instead of glucose.
- D. It is a mineralocorticoid.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D - It is a mineralocorticoid.
Rationale: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid, not a mineralocorticoid. Glucocorticoids like cortisol regulate glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation, supporting options A and B. Option C is also incorrect as cortisol promotes the metabolism of glucose over fatty acids.
A patient has been receiving a large dose of prednisone for the relief of arthritic pain for 6 months. He suddenly stops taking his medication. What is the most serious concern?
- A. His arthritic pain will recur.
- B. He will develop an acute adrenal insufficiency.
- C. He will continue to exhibit symptoms of Cushing syndrome.
- D. He will develop a moon face and buffalo hump.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: He will develop an acute adrenal insufficiency. When a patient abruptly stops taking a large dose of prednisone after long-term use, it can suppress the body's natural production of cortisol. This sudden withdrawal can lead to adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. The adrenal glands may not be able to produce enough cortisol to meet the body's needs, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure, and even shock. This is a serious concern that requires medical attention.
Incorrect choices:
A: His arthritic pain will recur - While this is a valid concern, it is not the most serious issue compared to acute adrenal insufficiency.
C: He will continue to exhibit symptoms of Cushing syndrome - Cushing syndrome is a result of prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, not sudden withdrawal.
D: He will develop a moon face and buffalo hump - These are physical symptoms associated with Cushing syndrome, not acute adrenal
Which of the following explains the suppression of lactation during pregnancy?
- A. Blood prolactin levels are too low for milk production to occur
- B. Human placental lactogen levels are too low for milk production to occur
- C. The fetal adrenal gland does not produce sufficient estriol
- D. Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone are high
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit lactation by suppressing the release of prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. Estrogen and progesterone maintain the pregnancy and prevent premature labor, so the body prioritizes their functions over lactation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because low blood prolactin levels, human placental lactogen levels, and fetal adrenal gland's estriol production are not directly related to the suppression of lactation during pregnancy.