Nokea
Temperature is......scale
- A. Ordinal scale
- B. Interval scale
- C. Ratio scale
- D. Nominal scale
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Temperature is measured on an interval scale because it has equal intervals but no true zero point.
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Jakarta declaration 1997 is related to:
- A. RH
- B. Health promotion
- C. PHC
- D. Population development
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Jakarta Declaration continued the focus on health promotion strategies.
How might changes in legislation to limit smoking in public places be considered a natural experiment?
- A. It provides real-world data on health impacts.
- B. It eliminates the need for clinical trials.
- C. It focuses solely on economic outcomes.
- D. It proves that smoking is harmless.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Legislative changes create natural experiments by observing health outcomes before and after implementation.
A follow-up study was conducted of 3,000 military troops deployed at an atomic test site in Nevada to detect the occurrence of leukemia. A total of 1,870 persons were successfully traced by the investigators, and an additional 443 contacted the investigators on their own as a result of publicity about the study. Four cases of leukemia occurred among the 1,870 individuals traced by the investigators, and an additional four occurred among those individuals who contacted the investigators on their own. Could interpretation of the study results be subject to bias?
- A. Yes, due to differential participation rates between the traced group and self-referrals.
- B. No, because the number of leukemia cases is evenly distributed.
- C. Yes, but only if the traced group had higher radiation exposure.
- D. No, because the study design accounts for all possible biases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Differential participation can lead to selection bias, especially if the characteristics of those who self-refer differ systematically from those traced by investigators.
What are some possible hazards associated with the organochloride pesticide DDT?
- A. Bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity.
- B. Immediate skin irritation and respiratory distress.
- C. Increased crop yield and soil fertility.
- D. Improved water quality and biodiversity.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: DDT bioaccumulates in ecosystems and is linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity in wildlife and humans.
A constant rate of change would be represented by a curved line
- A. Arithmetic-scale line graph
- B. Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: On arithmetic-scale graphs, constant rates appear as straight lines.