Nokea
Terbutaline specifically stimulates:
- A. Alpha1 receptors
- B. Alpha2 receptors
- C. Beta1 receptors
- D. Beta2 receptors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Terbutaline specifically stimulates Beta2 receptors. This leads to bronchodilation by relaxing smooth muscles in the airways. Beta2 receptors are predominantly found in the lungs. Option A and B are incorrect as terbutaline does not target Alpha receptors. Option C is incorrect as terbutaline does not primarily stimulate Beta1 receptors, which are mainly found in the heart.
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A patient with diabetes is learning to mix regular insulin and NPH insulin in the same syringe. The nurse determines that additional teaching is needed when the patient does what?
- A. Withdraws the NPH dose into the syringe first
- B. Injects air equal to the NPH dose into the NPH vial first
- C. Removes any air bubbles after withdrawing the first insulin
- D. Adds air equal to the insulin dose into the regular vial and withdraws the dose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When mixing insulin, the correct order is to draw up the regular insulin first, followed by NPH insulin.
Which one of the following is a cardio selective β1-blocker:
- A. Timolol
- B. Metoprolol
- C. Nadolol
- D. Sotalol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Metoprolol. Metoprolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker, meaning it primarily blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart, leading to a decrease in heart rate and contractility. This selectivity reduces the risk of bronchoconstriction compared to non-selective beta blockers like Timolol (Choice A), Nadolol (Choice C), and Sotalol (Choice D), which can also block beta-2 receptors in the lungs, potentially causing respiratory issues in patients with asthma or COPD. Therefore, Metoprolol is the best choice for patients with cardiovascular conditions who also have respiratory concerns.
Which artery generally gives rise to inferior thyroid artery?
- A. External carotid artery
- B. Internal carotid artery
- C. Brachiocephalic trunk
- D. Thyrocervical trunk
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The inferior thyroid artery typically arises from the thyrocervical trunk.
2. The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery.
3. This artery supplies blood to the thyroid gland.
4. The external carotid artery and internal carotid artery do not give rise to the inferior thyroid artery.
5. The brachiocephalic trunk does not directly supply blood to the thyroid gland.
In conclusion, the correct answer is D because the thyrocervical trunk is the main artery that gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery, providing blood supply to the thyroid gland.
Albuterol causes selective activation of β2 adrenergic receptors when administered in 'low doses,' mainly by inhalation. If very large doses of albuterol were given, or if the drug is administered intravenously, the effects caused by albuterol would look quite different and would resemble those of which one of the following drugs?
- A. Epinephrine
- B. Isoprenaline
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Phenylephrine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Albuterol selectively activates β2 adrenergic receptors in low doses.
Step 2: Isoprenaline is a non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist.
Step 3: Very large doses of albuterol or IV administration would lead to non-selective activation of beta receptors.
Step 4: Isoprenaline also activates both β1 and β2 receptors, causing a broad range of effects.
Step 5: Therefore, the effects of high-dose albuterol would resemble those of Isoprenaline, making B the correct answer.
Summary:
Choice A (Epinephrine) is incorrect because epinephrine primarily acts on both α and β adrenergic receptors, not just β2.
Choice C (Norepinephrine) is incorrect as it mainly acts on α adrenergic receptors, not β.
Choice D (Phenylephrine) is incorrect because it is a
A drug useful in the treatment of acute attack of migraine is:
- A. Sumatriptan
- B. Ergometrine
- C. Dihydroergometrine
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sumatriptan is the correct answer for treating acute migraine attacks as it is a specific serotonin receptor agonist that helps constrict blood vessels in the brain. Ergometrine and dihydroergometrine are ergot alkaloids used for other conditions, not migraine. Propranolol is a beta-blocker used for migraine prevention, not acute attacks.