Nokea
The addition of glucuronic acid to a drug:
- A. Decreases its water solubility
- B. Leads to inactivation of the drug
- C. Is an example of a Phase I metabolism reaction
- D. Occurs at the same rate in adults and new-borns
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The addition of glucuronic acid to a drug is a process known as glucuronidation, a Phase II metabolism reaction. This conjugation reaction is essential for detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. By adding glucuronic acid, the drug becomes more water-soluble, facilitating its excretion. Therefore, Option B is correct as it leads to inactivation of the drug. Option A is incorrect as it actually increases water solubility. Option C is incorrect as glucuronidation is a Phase II reaction. Option D is incorrect as the rate of glucuronidation can vary between adults and newborns due to developmental differences.
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Which of the following permeation processes mediated the man's intestinal absorption of ethanol?
- A. Aqueous diffusion
- B. Bulk flow transport
- C. Facilitated diffusion
- D. Active transport
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ethanol, being a small, nonpolar molecule, is likely absorbed through aqueous diffusion across the intestinal membrane.
Which of the following features best explains why formulation W produces the largest plasma concentration-time curve of the drug?
- A. Highest absorption through gut wall
- B. Lowest first-pass effect
- C. Lowest hepatic clearance
- D. Highest volume of distribution
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The formulation with the lowest first-pass effect would lead to more of the drug reaching systemic circulation after oral administration, resulting in a larger plasma concentration-time curve. This indicates higher bioavailability and more efficient absorption.
What was most likely the immediate consequence of the activation of beta receptors in the 9-year-old boy suffering from mild asthma?
- A. Opening of ligand-gated K+ channels
- B. Increased synthesis of cAMP
- C. Decreased synthesis of cAMP
- D. Conformational change of a G protein
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The immediate consequence of beta receptor activation is increased synthesis of cAMP, which is a key signaling molecule in the downstream effects of beta receptor activation.
The nurse is meeting with a community group about medication safety. The nurse must emphasize that patients at high risk for drug interactions include which groups? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Older patients
- B. Patients with chronic health conditions
- C. Patients taking three or more drugs
- D. Patients dealing with only one pharmacy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (Older patients) because elderly individuals tend to have multiple comorbidities and are more likely to be prescribed multiple medications, increasing the risk of drug interactions. Older patients also tend to have age-related physiological changes that can affect drug metabolism.
Choice B (Patients with chronic health conditions) is not necessarily always at high risk for drug interactions, as it depends on the specific medications they are taking and their individual health status.
Choice C (Patients taking three or more drugs) is not always a high-risk group, as drug interactions can occur even with fewer medications based on the specific drugs being taken and individual patient factors.
Choice D (Patients dealing with only one pharmacy) is not directly related to the risk of drug interactions, as the number of pharmacies used by a patient does not necessarily correlate with the risk of drug interactions.
Actions taken to reduce drug-drug interaction problems include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. Reducing the dose of one of the drugs
- B. Scheduling their administration at different times
- C. Prescribing a third drug to counteract the adverse reaction of the combination
- D. Reducing the dosage of both drugs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because prescribing a third drug to counteract the adverse reaction of the combination does not address the root cause of the drug-drug interaction. It may lead to further complications and potentially more interactions. Reducing the dose of one drug (A) or both drugs (D) and scheduling their administration at different times (B) are effective strategies to minimize drug-drug interactions by adjusting the dosing regimen.