Nokea
The adrenal cortex:
- A. is the target gland of ACTH.
- B. secretes catecholamines.
- C. is an extension of the sympathetic nervous system.
- D. secretes ADH and oxytocin.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones.
2. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and aldosterone.
3. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the target gland of ACTH, making choice A correct.
Summary:
A. Correct - The adrenal cortex is the target gland of ACTH.
B. Incorrect - The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline, noradrenaline).
C. Incorrect - The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, not the adrenal cortex.
D. Incorrect - ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin are produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, not the adrenal cortex.
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The secretion of this gland enhances a sympathetic response.
- A. Adrenal medulla
- B. Pancreas
- C. Adrenal cortex
- D. Parathyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are hormones that enhance the sympathetic response of the body. This response includes increased heart rate, dilation of airways, and increased blood flow to muscles. The other choices, B: Pancreas, C: Adrenal cortex, and D: Parathyroid, do not directly enhance sympathetic responses. The pancreas regulates blood sugar levels, the adrenal cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone, and the parathyroid regulates calcium levels. Therefore, only the adrenal medulla directly contributes to the sympathetic response, making it the correct choice.
ADH ________.
- A. increases urine production
- B. promotes dehydration
- C. is produced in the adenohypophysis
- D. is inhibited by alcohol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because alcohol inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. ADH helps regulate water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output. Alcohol impairs this process, leading to increased urine production and dehydration. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because ADH decreases urine production, prevents dehydration, and is produced in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), not the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary).
T3, T4, and calcitonin are:
- A. secreted by the thyroid gland.
- B. secreted by the parathyroid glands.
- C. secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
- D. steroids.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. T3, T4, and calcitonin are hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.
2. Thyroid gland is responsible for producing and releasing these hormones.
3. T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, while calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels.
4. Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, not T3, T4, or calcitonin.
5. These hormones are not secreted in response to declining plasma levels of calcium.
6. T3, T4, and calcitonin are not steroids, they are peptide hormones.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
A nurse teaches an older woman who has a decreased production of estrogen. Which statement would the nurse include in this client’s teaching to decrease injury?
- A. Drink at least 2 quarts (2 L) of fluids each day.
- B. Walk around the neighborhood for daily exercise.
- C. Bathe your perineal area twice a day.
- D. You should check your blood glucose before meals.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Daily exercise, such as walking, helps improve bone density and strength, reducing the risk of falls and fractures in older women with decreased estrogen production. Walking also helps maintain muscle strength and balance.
A: Drinking fluids is important for overall health but does not directly address decreasing injury in this scenario.
C: Bathing the perineal area twice a day is important for hygiene but does not specifically address decreasing injury.
D: Checking blood glucose levels is important for diabetes management but is not directly related to decreasing injury in this case.
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE?
- A. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) leads to sterility in both males and females.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases.
- C. Oxytocin is released in significant amounts ONLY during childbirth and nursing in woman.
- D. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) actually causes urine volume to decrease as blood volume decreases, not increase. ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water, leading to concentrated urine and conservation of body fluids.
Rationale summary:
A: True, hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to sterility in both males and females.
C: False, oxytocin is also released during sexual activity, breastfeeding, social bonding, and stress responses, not just during childbirth and nursing.
D: True, luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.