Nokea
The impulse for voluntary muscles for forced breathing starts in
- A. Medulla ( pons )
- B. Vagus nerve
- C. Cerebral hemispheres
- D. Spinal cord
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medulla (pons). The medulla, located in the brainstem, controls involuntary functions like breathing. Specifically, the medulla contains the respiratory center, which regulates breathing rhythm and depth. During forced breathing, the medulla sends impulses to the voluntary muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The pons, which is closely connected to the medulla, assists in regulating breathing patterns. The vagus nerve (B) is responsible for parasympathetic functions, not voluntary breathing. The cerebral hemispheres (C) are primarily involved in higher brain functions, not breathing regulation. The spinal cord (D) plays a role in transmitting signals between the brain and muscles but does not initiate voluntary breathing impulses.
You may also like to solve these questions
As the nurse responsible for this client's care, you anticipate which physician's orders?
- A. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation
- B. Immediate application of CPAP to client's nose and mouth
- C. Intravenous furosemide (Lasix) 100 mg IV push stat
- D. Call a CODE for respiratory arrest.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Poor oxygenation despite non-rebreather mask suggests impending respiratory failure, necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation. CPAP (B) and Lasix (C) may be considered but are secondary. Calling a CODE (D) is only if respiratory arrest occurs.
During inspiration, air passes into lungs due to
- A. Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
- B. Fall in pressure inside the lungs
- C. Increased volume of thoracic cavity
- D. Muscular expansion of lungs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
Rationale:
1. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
2. The external intercostal muscles also contract, lifting the ribcage and further expanding the thoracic cavity.
3. As thoracic cavity volume increases, lung pressure decreases, creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.
Summary:
B: Fall in pressure inside the lungs - This is a consequence of the increase in thoracic cavity volume, not the cause of air entering the lungs.
C: Increased volume of thoracic cavity - This is correct but does not explain how air enters the lungs.
D: Muscular expansion of lungs - Lungs do not expand on their own; it is the thoracic cavity that expands to create the pressure gradient for air entry.
When caring for a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- A. the nurse is aware that this patient is most at risk for developing which type of pneumonia?
- B. Hypostatic
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Atypical
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Atypical pneumonia. Patients with AIDS are most susceptible to atypical pneumonia caused by organisms like Pneumocystis jiroveci. This is due to their weakened immune system. Hypostatic pneumonia is typically seen in bedridden patients, not specific to AIDS. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia but not particularly associated with AIDS. Therefore, the correct choice is D, as it aligns with the specific risk profile of AIDS patients for atypical pneumonia.
A client is scheduled to have a tracheostomy placed in an hour. What action by the nurse is the priority?
- A. Administer prescribed anxiolytic medication.
- B. Ensure that informed consent is on the chart.
- C. Reinforce any teaching done previously.
- D. Start the preoperative antibiotic infusion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ensure that informed consent is on the chart. This is the priority action because obtaining informed consent is essential before any procedure to ensure that the client understands the risks, benefits, and alternatives. Administering anxiolytic medication (A) may be necessary but is not the priority. Reinforcing teaching (C) and starting antibiotics (D) are important but not as urgent as ensuring informed consent.
Which statement is NOT true?
- A. Carbon dioxide is more soluble in fluid than in oxygen.
- B. Carbon dioxide diffuses more rapidly across the respiratory surface than does oxygen.
- C. The major muscle involved in breathing is the diaphragm.
- D. Oxygen is carried primarily by blood plasma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Oxygen is primarily carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells, not blood plasma. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen, forming oxyhemoglobin for transport. Option A is false because oxygen is more soluble in fluid than carbon dioxide. Option B is incorrect as oxygen diffuses slower than carbon dioxide due to its larger molecular size. Option C is true as the diaphragm is the main muscle involved in breathing, contracting to expand the lungs during inhalation.