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The left suprarenal vein drains into which of the following?
- A. Superior mesenteric vein
- B. Inferior hemiazygos
- C. Inferior vena cava
- D. Left renal vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Left renal vein. The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein because they are anatomically close and share a common blood supply. The left suprarenal vein carries blood from the left adrenal gland, while the left renal vein receives blood from the left kidney. This anatomical proximity allows for efficient drainage of blood from the adrenal gland into the renal vein for further circulation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the left suprarenal vein does not typically drain into the superior mesenteric vein, inferior hemiazygos, or inferior vena cava.
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Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on plasma osmolality?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Vasopressin
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plasma osmolality is primarily regulated by the concentration of solutes in the blood. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), plays a key role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus affecting plasma osmolality. When plasma osmolality increases, vasopressin is released to increase water reabsorption, leading to a decrease in plasma osmolality. Progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone do not directly influence water reabsorption and therefore do not have as significant an impact on plasma osmolality as vasopressin.
Adverse effects of atropine include the following EXCEPT:
- A. Excessive salivation
- B. Retention of urine
- C. Sinus tachycardia
- D. Constipation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Excessive salivation. Atropine is an anticholinergic medication that blocks the action of acetylcholine, leading to decreased secretions including saliva. Excessive salivation is not an adverse effect but rather a therapeutic effect of atropine. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because retention of urine, sinus tachycardia, and constipation are known adverse effects of atropine due to its anticholinergic properties.
Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they __________.
- A. they act locally, not on distal organs as do true hormones
- B. don't have target organs
- C. mediate inflammatory reactions
- D. are lipid in nature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Eicosanoids are not true hormones because they act locally, not on distal organs like true hormones. Eicosanoids are produced and released in response to specific stimuli at the site of action, affecting nearby cells. This local action distinguishes them from true hormones, which are produced in one part of the body and travel through the bloodstream to distant target organs to elicit a response. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because eicosanoids do have target organs (B), mediate inflammatory reactions (C), and are lipid in nature (D), but these characteristics do not define them as hormones.
Steroid hormones _____________________.
- A. bind to a receptor inside the target cell
- B. are made from cholesterol
- C. cause the cell to make new proteins
- D. all of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroid hormones bind to a receptor inside the target cell, are made from cholesterol, and cause the cell to make new proteins. This is known as the mechanism of steroid hormone action. Choice A is correct as steroid hormones need to bind to intracellular receptors to exert their effects. Choice B is also correct as steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. Choice C is correct as one of the main actions of steroid hormones is to regulate gene expression and induce the synthesis of new proteins within the cell. Therefore, all of these statements are true regarding steroid hormones, making choice D the correct answer.
The nurse is assessing a client who exhibits spontaneous spasm of the fingers or toes, mouth twitching or jaw tightening when he taps the cheek anteriorly to the earlobe. What sign does the nurse identify to document in the chart that is consistent with tetany?
- A. Lhermitte's sign
- B. Trousseau's sign
- C. Chvostek's sign
- D. Bulge sign
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chvostek's sign is a positive sign of tetany, where tapping the cheek causes twitching of the facial muscles, indicating low calcium levels.