Nokea
The liver contains special blood channels termed _____.
- A. sinusoids
- B. central vein
- C. hepatic cells
- D. portal veins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sinusoids. Sinusoids are specialized blood channels found in the liver that allow for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and toxins between hepatocytes and blood. They play a crucial role in the liver's functions of detoxification, metabolism, and storage. Central vein (B) is a vessel located in the center of liver lobules, not a blood channel. Hepatic cells (C) refer to the liver cells themselves, not blood channels. Portal veins (D) are vessels that bring blood from the digestive organs to the liver, but they are not the special blood channels within the liver.
You may also like to solve these questions
What is the best advice for a patient with an ostomy regarding skin care?
- A. Avoid using skin barrier products, as they can cause irritation.
- B. Use a mild soap and water to clean the skin around the stoma.
- C. Only clean the stoma with alcohol wipes.
- D. Change the ostomy appliance every 24 hours.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Use a mild soap and water to clean the skin around the stoma. This is because gentle cleansing helps prevent skin irritation and infection. Cleaning with harsh products can damage the skin. Choice A is incorrect because skin barrier products are essential for protecting the skin. Choice C is incorrect as alcohol wipes can be too harsh and drying for the skin. Choice D is incorrect because ostomy appliances typically do not need to be changed daily unless there are specific issues.
To treat a cirrhotic patient with hepatic encephalopathy, lactulose (Cephulac), rifaximin (Xifaxan), and a proton pump inhibitor are ordere The patient's family wants to know why the laxative is ordere What is the best explanation the nurse can give to the patient's family?
- A. It reduces portal venous pressure.
- B. It eliminates blood from the GI tract.
- C. It traps ammonia and eliminates it in the feces.
- D. It decreases bacteria to decrease ammonia formation.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "It traps ammonia and eliminates it in the feces." In hepatic encephalopathy, excessive ammonia levels lead to neurological symptoms. Lactulose works by acidifying the colon, converting ammonia to ammonium, trapping it, and promoting its excretion in feces. This reduces ammonia absorption, alleviating encephalopathy.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Incorrect. Lactulose does not directly reduce portal venous pressure.
B: Incorrect. Lactulose does not eliminate blood from the GI tract.
D: Incorrect. Lactulose does not directly decrease bacteria to reduce ammonia formation.
In summary, the nurse should explain to the patient's family that lactulose helps by trapping ammonia in the GI tract and facilitating its removal in the feces, thus reducing ammonia levels in the body and improving hepatic encephalopathy symptoms.
In the production of the aqueous component of pancreatic juice, ______ ions are actively transported into the intercalated duct and sodium ions are exchanged for ______ ions.
- A. bicarbonate; hydrogen
- B. sodium; potassium
- C. bicarbonate; potassium
- D. hydrogen; potassium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because in the production of pancreatic juice, bicarbonate ions are actively transported into the intercalated duct to ensure the alkalinity of the pancreatic juice. Additionally, sodium ions are exchanged for hydrogen ions to maintain the pH balance. This process helps neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach. The other choices are incorrect because potassium ions are not directly involved in this specific process, and the exchange of sodium ions for potassium ions does not contribute to the regulation of pancreatic juice pH.
Which of these processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal?
- A. ingestion
- B. propulsion
- C. segmentation
- D. absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: propulsion. Propulsion is the process of moving food along the alimentary canal through peristalsis, which is the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the digestive tract. This process occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Ingestion (choice A) occurs at the beginning of the digestive process when food enters the mouth. Segmentation (choice C) is a mixing movement that occurs mainly in the small intestine to aid in digestion. Absorption (choice D) takes place primarily in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Therefore, propulsion is the correct answer as it is the continuous movement of food along the digestive tract.
In the colon, the teniae coli are bands of ______, which contract to form ______.
- A. fat; epiploic appendages
- B. longitudinal smooth muscle; haustra
- C. skeletal muscle; haustra
- D. smooth muscle; the internal anal sphincter
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the teniae coli are bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the colon. These bands contract to form haustra, which are the pouches that give the colon its segmented appearance. Choice A is incorrect because fat and epiploic appendages are not involved in the contraction of the colon. Choice C is incorrect because the teniae coli are smooth muscle, not skeletal muscle. Choice D is incorrect because the internal anal sphincter is not formed by the contraction of the teniae coli.