Nokea
The nurse has to assess a client's mental and emotional status before he or she can begin therapy for treatment of an endocrine disorder. Which of the following can be tested to assess the client's mental and emotional status?
- A. Ability to respond to questions
- B. Motor function
- C. Sleep and awake cycles
- D. Facial expression
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Assessing a client's ability to respond to questions helps evaluate cognitive function, which is important for understanding their mental and emotional status.
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When blood calcium levels are high, ____ is released from the thyroid gland to deposit the excess calcium into the bones.
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. calcitonin
- C. oxytocin
- D. glucagon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Calcitonin is the correct answer because it is released from the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels to deposit the excess calcium into the bones, decreasing blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone (A) works in the opposite way, increasing blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones. Oxytocin (C) is a hormone involved in labor and breastfeeding, not calcium regulation. Glucagon (D) is released from the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels, not calcium levels. Therefore, calcitonin is the most suitable choice for regulating high blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in the bones.
Which of the following drugs does not pass the blood-brain barrier:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Clonidine
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Guanethidine. Guanethidine is a quaternary amine, which prevents it from passing the blood-brain barrier due to its charge. The blood-brain barrier is selective and only allows certain molecules to pass through. In contrast, choices A, B, and C (Ephedrine, Propranolol, Clonidine) are all capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to some extent due to their chemical properties. Ephedrine is a weak base, Propranolol is lipophilic, and Clonidine is relatively small in size, allowing them to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Which of the following statements about the hormone glucagon is true?
- A. It is secreted by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
- B. It is secreted in response to a rise in blood glucose
- C. It promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
- D. It promotes the synthesis of glycogen in the liver
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in response to low blood glucose levels. When released, glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose through a process called glycogenolysis, thus increasing blood glucose levels. This helps maintain blood glucose homeostasis during fasting or low glucose conditions. Options A and B are incorrect because glucagon is secreted by alpha cells, not beta cells, and in response to low blood glucose, not high. Option D is incorrect as glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown, not synthesis.
The anterior pituitary gland:
- A. is called the neurohypophysis.
- B. releases ADH and oxytocin.
- C. secretes releasing hormones.
- D. is connected to the hypothalamus by the portal capillaries.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the portal capillaries.
2. This connection allows for the transport of releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
3. Releasing hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary to release specific hormones.
4. This communication pathway is essential for regulating hormone production and maintaining homeostasis.
Summary of other choices:
A: Incorrect. The neurohypophysis refers to the posterior pituitary, not the anterior pituitary.
B: Incorrect. ADH and oxytocin are released from the posterior pituitary, not the anterior pituitary.
C: Incorrect. Releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus, not the anterior pituitary.
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
- A. it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
- B. embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
- C. it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location
- D. it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the neurohypophysis stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus for release into the bloodstream. The neurohypophysis does not produce its own hormones but acts as a storage and release site.
A is incorrect as the neurohypophysis does play a role in hormonal release through the release of hormones produced by the hypothalamus. B is incorrect as the neurohypophysis remains functional in adults. C is incorrect as the neurohypophysis does function as an endocrine tissue by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.