Nokea
Which antibody isotype is involved in allergic reactions?
- A. IgG
- B. IgM
- C. IgA
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgE. IgE is the antibody isotype involved in allergic reactions. It binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergic symptoms. IgG (choice A) is involved in long-term immunity, IgM (choice B) is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, and IgA (choice C) is mainly found in mucosal areas and helps prevent pathogens from entering the body. IgE is specifically associated with allergic responses due to its role in triggering the release of inflammatory mediators in response to allergens.
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Which of the following is not an outcome of phagocytosis in macrophages
- A. Respiratory burst
- B. Nitric oxide production
- C. Antigen presentation
- D. Complement activation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Complement activation. Phagocytosis by macrophages involves engulfing and digesting pathogens. Complement activation occurs through a separate pathway involving a series of proteins that enhance the immune response. Phagocytosis does not directly lead to complement activation. Choices A, B, and C are outcomes of phagocytosis in macrophages: Respiratory burst involves production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production helps destroy pathogens, and antigen presentation is important for activating other immune cells.
Which represents a correct grouping with respect to the target of an immune response, immune response strength, and resulting health status?
- A. Self-antigen, weak response, autoimmune disease
- B. Pathogen, strong response, recurrent infection
- C. Tumour antigen, weak response, cancer
- D. Transplanted organ, strong response, graft acceptance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Tumor antigens are non-self antigens that trigger a weak immune response due to immune tolerance.
2. Weak immune response against tumor antigens may lead to uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in cancer.
3. Strong immune responses are typically mounted against pathogens to clear infections.
4. Self-antigens should not trigger immune responses to prevent autoimmune diseases.
5. Transplanted organs can elicit strong immune responses leading to rejection, not acceptance.
Summary:
A - Incorrect: Self-antigens should not elicit immune responses to prevent autoimmune diseases.
B - Incorrect: Pathogens typically trigger strong immune responses to clear infections, not recurrent ones.
D - Incorrect: Transplanted organs often lead to strong immune responses and rejection, not acceptance.
A protein-protein interaction domain present both in TLR-4 and MyD88 is:
- A. CARD
- B. TIR
- C. Leucine rich repeat (LRR)
- D. Immunoglobulin-like domain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: TIR. This is because both TLR-4 and MyD88 contain a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which mediates protein-protein interactions in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The other options, such as A (CARD), C (LRR), and D (Immunoglobulin-like domain), are not present in both TLR-4 and MyD88 and do not play a significant role in their interaction in the signaling pathway. This makes B the most appropriate choice as it accurately identifies the common protein-protein interaction domain between TLR-4 and MyD88.
Physical traits expressed by an individual is the definition for which term?
- A. Allele
- B. Genomics
- C. Phenotype
- D. Chromosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.
A nurse is taking care of a client with cancer and is teaching about the types of drugs that promote the natural production of blood cells in people whose own hematopoietic functions have become compromised. What class of drugs are these?
- A. Tumor necrosis factors
- B. Colony-stimulating factors
- C. Interferons
- D. Interleukins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production of blood cells which is crucial for clients with compromised hematopoietic function such as those undergoing chemotherapy.