Nokea
Tick the drug belonging to antibiotics-carbapenems:
- A. Aztreonam
- B. Amoxacillin
- C. Imipinem
- D. Clarithromycin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Imipenem, as it belongs to the carbapenem class of antibiotics. Carbapenems are broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against a wide range of bacteria, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics. Imipenem is specifically known for its activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
A: Aztreonam is a monobactam antibiotic, not a carbapenem.
B: Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic, not a carbapenem.
D: Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic, not a carbapenem.
In summary, only Imipenem (Choice C) is a carbapenem antibiotic, making it the correct choice for this question.
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Nicotinic acid (Niacin) acts by increasing the rate of catabolism of VLDL. This consideration is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. All
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because nicotinic acid (niacin) increases the rate of catabolism of VLDL by inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue, leading to decreased free fatty acids available for VLDL synthesis. This results in decreased VLDL production and increased clearance, thus lowering plasma VLDL levels. Option B is incorrect because nicotinic acid does not decrease VLDL catabolism. Option C is incorrect as not all choices are correct. Option D is incorrect as there is a correct answer.
Withdrawal of which of the following drugs leads to rebound hypertension:
- A. Prazosin
- B. Hydralazine
- C. Clonidine
- D. Captopril
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clonidine, a central alpha-2 agonist, causes rebound hypertension on abrupt withdrawal due to sympathetic overactivity.
Indicate the local anesthetic, which is mainly used for regional nerve block anesthesia:
- A. Procaine
- B. Tetracaine
- C. Procaine
- D. Bupivacaine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tetracaine. Tetracaine is a long-acting local anesthetic commonly used for regional nerve block anesthesia due to its duration of action. It provides effective and prolonged pain relief in a specific area by blocking nerve conduction. Procaine (A) is a short-acting local anesthetic, making it less suitable for regional nerve block anesthesia. Bupivacaine (D) is a long-acting local anesthetic like tetracaine, but it is more commonly used for epidural or spinal anesthesia rather than regional nerve blocks. Therefore, tetracaine is the most appropriate choice for regional nerve block anesthesia among the options provided.
Characteristics of ephedrine include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. It acts primarily through the release of stored cathecholamines
- B. It is a mild CNS stimulant
- C. It causes tachyphylaxis with repeated administration
- D. It decreases arterial pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because ephedrine actually increases arterial pressure by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction. A is incorrect as ephedrine works by directly stimulating adrenergic receptors, not by releasing stored catecholamines. B is correct as ephedrine is indeed a mild CNS stimulant. C is incorrect as tachyphylaxis, or a rapid decrease in response with repeated administration, is not commonly associated with ephedrine.
A 67-year-old man with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and congestive heart failure develops exacerbation of heart failure symptoms. Pathophysiology of this condition that relates to potential roles of drug therapy include which of the following?
- A. Peripheral nervous system activity
- B. Loss of cardiac myocytes
- C. Muscle hyperplasia
- D. Muscle inflammatory scar formation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Loss of cardiac myocytes from infarction or chronic stress drives heart failure, targetable by drugs like ACE inhibitors or ß-blockers.