Nokea
What are chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and the metabolism of specific target cells called?
- A. Hormones
- B. Neurons
- C. Glands
- D. Second messengers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hormones are signaling molecules produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to target cells, exerting control over processes like growth, differentiation, and metabolism. Neurons are nerve cells responsible for transmitting electrical impulses. Glands are structures that secrete substances like hormones. Second messengers are molecules involved in intracellular signal transduction pathways, amplifying and transmitting signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus.
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What is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?
- A. dermis
- B. epidermis
- C. subcutaneous tissue
- D. hypodermis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'epidermis.' The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, providing a protective barrier against environmental factors and regulating water loss. The dermis is located beneath the epidermis and contains important structures like blood vessels and glands. Subcutaneous tissue, also known as the hypodermis, is located below the dermis and serves functions such as insulation and energy storage.
Which heart chamber has the thickest wall?
- A. Right atrium
- B. Left atrium
- C. Right ventricle
- D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The left ventricle has the thickest wall of all the heart chambers because it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the entire body. Its muscular wall is thicker and more powerful compared to the other heart chambers. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Due to the higher workload and pressure required to push blood to the entire body, the left ventricle is the most muscular and has the thickest wall.
Which structure is found in the upper respiratory tract?
- A. Bronchi.
- B. Alveoli
- C. Pharynx.
- D. Lungs.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
In which cavity are the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs found?
- A. Pelvic
- B. Abdominal
- C. Thoracic
- D. Pleural
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pelvic. The urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is situated below the abdominal cavity and houses various organs, including the urinary bladder and reproductive organs. The abdominal cavity contains organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines, while the thoracic cavity houses the lungs and heart. Pleural is an incorrect choice as it is related to the lining around the lungs.
Where is the parathyroid gland located?
- A. neck
- B. back
- C. side
- D. brain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The parathyroid gland is located in the neck. It consists of four small glands situated behind the thyroid gland. These glands play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body. The correct anatomical location of the parathyroid gland is in the neck, specifically behind the thyroid gland, making choice A the correct answer.