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What do the psychosocial developmental tasks of toddlerhood include?
- A. Development of a conscience
- B. Recognition of sex differences
- C. Ability to get along with age mates
- D. Ability to delay gratification
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: If the need for basic trust has been satisfied, then toddlers can give up dependence for control, independence, and autonomy. One of the tasks that toddlers are concerned with is the ability to delay gratification. Development of a conscience and recognition of sex differences occur during the preschool years. The ability to get along with age mates develops during the preschool and school-age years.
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Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parent finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. Which is the best interpretation of this behavior?
- A. Her cognitive development is delayed.
- B. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed.
- C. This is typical behavior because of toddlers inability to transfer remembering to new situations.
- D. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children. The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. This is typical behavior for a toddler, who is only somewhat aware of a causal relation between events. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age.
A 17-month-old child should be expected to be in which stage, according to Piaget?
- A. Preoperations
- B. Concrete operations
- C. Tertiary circular reactions
- D. Secondary circular reactions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A 17-month-old is in the fifth stage of the sensorimotor phase, tertiary circular reactions. The child uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals. Preoperations is the stage of cognitive development usually present in older toddlers and preschoolers. Concrete operations is the cognitive stage associated with school-age children. The secondary circular reaction stage lasts from about ages 4 to 8 months.
What is the leading cause of death during the toddler period?
- A. Injuries
- B. Infectious diseases
- C. Childhood diseases
- D. Congenital disorders
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Injuries are the most common cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 years. It is the highest rate of death from injuries of any childhood age group except adolescence. Congenital disorders are the second leading cause of death in this age group. Infectious and childhood diseases are less common causes of death in this age group.
What factor is most important in predisposing toddlers to frequent infections?
- A. Respirations are abdominal.
- B. Pulse and respiratory rates in toddlers are slower than those in infants.
- C. Defense mechanisms are less efficient than those during infancy.
- D. Toddlers have short, straight internal ear canals and large lymph tissue.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Toddlers continue to have the short, straight internal ear canals of infants. The lymphoid tissue of the tonsils and adenoids continues to be relatively large. These two anatomic conditions combine to predispose toddlers to frequent infections. The abdominal respirations and lowered pulse and respiratory rate of toddlers do not affect their susceptibility to infection. The defense mechanisms are more efficient compared with those of infancy.
The parents of a newborn say that their toddler hates the baby. He suggested that we put him in the trash can so the trash truck could take him away. What is the nurses best reply?
- A. Lets see if we can figure out why he hates the new baby.
- B. Thats a strong statement to come from such a small boy.
- C. Lets refer him to counseling to work this hatred out. Its not a normal response.
- D. That is a normal response to the birth of a sibling. Lets look at ways to deal with this.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The arrival of a new infant represents a crisis for even the best prepared toddler. Toddlers have their entire schedules and routines disrupted because of the new family member. The nurse should work with the parents on ways to involve the toddler in the newborns care and to help focus attention on the toddler. The toddler does not hate the infant. This is an expected, normal response to the changes in routines and attention that affect the toddler. The toddler can be provided with a doll to imitate parents behaviors. The child can care for the dolls needs at the same time the parent is performing similar care for the newborn.