Nokea
What is a primary characteristic of modern immunology?
- A. It relies solely on innate immunity concepts
- B. It builds on the pioneering work of Jenner, Pasteur, and others
- C. It focuses exclusively on tissue healing
- D. It is an ancient field of study with minimal current advancements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because modern immunology indeed builds on the groundbreaking contributions of scientists like Jenner and Pasteur. Their work laid the foundation for understanding concepts like vaccination and immune responses. Choice A is incorrect because modern immunology encompasses both innate and adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as immunology extends beyond tissue healing to include immune responses to pathogens and self-cells. Choice D is incorrect as immunology is a rapidly evolving field with significant advancements in understanding immune mechanisms and developing new treatments.
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During data collection, the nurse learns the patient is allergic to shellfish. Which precautions should be implemented during the patient's hospitalization?
- A. The patient should be placed in a private room.
- B. The kitchen should use dedicated equipment for all of the patient's food preparation.
- C. Iodine-based skin preparations should be replaced with different bactericidal cleansers.
- D. The patient's allergy should be noted on the medical record and communicated clearly to all caretakers.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. The correct answer is D because it addresses the essential action of noting the patient's allergy on the medical record and communicating it to all caretakers to prevent inadvertent exposure.
2. Choice A is not necessary unless the patient's allergy poses an infection control risk that warrants isolation.
3. Choice B is excessive and not required as long as cross-contamination is prevented during food preparation.
4. Choice C is unrelated to the patient's shellfish allergy and not a standard precaution in this scenario.
Which of the following statements is NOT true
- A. During T cell development the decision to become a CD4 or a CD8 positive cell is a random event
- B. During T cell differentiation the decision to become a TH1 or a TH2 cell CD4+ is a random event
- C. TH2 CD4+ cells secrete IL-4
- D. IL-10 is TH2 polarizing cytokine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: During T cell differentiation, the decision to become a TH1 or a TH2 cell CD4+ is not a random event. This is because T cell differentiation into TH1 or TH2 cells is guided by specific signals from the environment, such as cytokines present during activation. TH1 cells are induced by IL-12 and IFN-gamma, while TH2 cells are induced by IL-4. This process is not random but rather a result of specific signaling cues.
A: During T cell development, the decision to become a CD4 or a CD8 positive cell is not a random event. It is determined by interactions with thymic stromal cells and the T cell receptor.
C: TH2 CD4+ cells do secrete IL-4, so this statement is true.
D: IL-10 is not a TH2 polarizing cytokine; rather, it is known to have regulatory functions in immune responses.
Which of the following is NOT true about live attenuated vaccines
- A. Usually effective at a single dose
- B. Expensive handling and storage
- C. Potential hazard due to reversion to a virulent form
- D. Able to induce only a humoral response
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Able to induce only a humoral response. Live attenuated vaccines can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, not just humoral. This is because they mimic natural infection, leading to a broader immune response.
A: Usually effective at a single dose - This is true for live attenuated vaccines, as they often provide long-lasting immunity with just one dose.
B: Expensive handling and storage - Live attenuated vaccines can be more cost-effective due to fewer doses needed, not expensive.
C: Potential hazard due to reversion to a virulent form - This is a concern with live attenuated vaccines, as there is a risk of the weakened virus reverting to a virulent form.
A client calls the clinic to report exposure to poison ivy and an itchy rash that is not helped with over-the-counter antihistamines. What response by the nurse is most appropriate?
- A. Antihistamines do not help poison ivy.
- B. There are different antihistamines to try.
- C. You should be seen in the clinic right away.
- D. You will need to take some IV steroids.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "You should be seen in the clinic right away." This response is appropriate because poison ivy rashes can worsen and may require prescription medications like corticosteroids. Seeing a healthcare provider ensures proper diagnosis and treatment.
A: "Antihistamines do not help poison ivy." - Incorrect, as antihistamines may provide some relief for itching but are not the primary treatment for poison ivy rashes.
B: "There are different antihistamines to try." - Incorrect, as trying different antihistamines may not address the underlying issue of poison ivy exposure.
D: "You will need to take some IV steroids." - Incorrect, as IV steroids are typically reserved for severe cases and should be prescribed by a healthcare provider after evaluation.
For the patient with allergic rhinitis, which therapy should the nurse expect to be ordered first?
- A. Corticosteroids
- B. Immunotherapy
- C. Antipruritic drugs
- D. Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sympathomimetic/decongestant drugs are often used first to relieve nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis.