Nokea
What is the relationship between the pressures at label '3'?
- A. P outside = P inside
- B. P outside > P inside
- C. P outside < P inside
- D. P outside + P inside
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because at label '3', the pressure outside the system is higher than the pressure inside. This is based on the principle that pressure decreases with increasing elevation. As we move upward in a fluid column, the pressure decreases. Therefore, in this scenario, the pressure outside the system (higher elevation) will be greater than the pressure inside the system (lower elevation).
A: P outside = P inside - Incorrect, as explained above, pressures are not equal at label '3'.
C: P outside < P inside - Incorrect, pressures are not in this relationship at label '3'.
D: P outside + P inside - Incorrect, this is not a valid comparison of pressures at label '3'.
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A client is admitted with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following signs and symptoms aren't characteristic of COPD?
- A. Fever
- B. Dyspnea on exertion.
- C. Barrel chest.
- D. Clubbed fingers and toes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Fever. Fever is not a characteristic sign or symptom of COPD. The rationale is that COPD is a chronic respiratory condition that primarily affects the lungs and airways, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath (dyspnea on exertion), barrel chest due to air trapping, and clubbed fingers and toes due to chronic hypoxia. Fever is not a typical presentation of COPD, as it is usually associated with infections or inflammatory conditions rather than COPD itself. In summary, choices B, C, and D are characteristic of COPD, while choice A is not typically associated with this condition.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
- A. increased respiratory rate
- B. more intense inhalation
- C. a shorter respiratory cycle
- D. less activity in the DRG center
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: more intense inhalation. The apneustic center is responsible for prolonging inhalation by stimulating the inspiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata. When the apneustic center is stimulated, it disrupts the normal breathing pattern, causing a prolonged and more intense inhalation. This results in deeper and more forceful breaths.
Incorrect choices:
A: increased respiratory rate - Stimulation of the apneustic center would not lead to an increased respiratory rate, but rather to changes in the depth and intensity of inhalation.
C: a shorter respiratory cycle - The apneustic center's stimulation does not lead to a shorter respiratory cycle, but rather to a prolonged inhalation phase.
D: less activity in the DRG center - The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) is responsible for initiating inspiration, and the apneustic center does not affect its activity.
A nurse teaches a client who is prescribed nicotine replacement therapy. Which statement would the nurse include in this client's teaching?
- A. Make a list of reasons why smoking is a bad habit.
- B. Rise slowly when getting out of bed in the morning.
- C. Smoking while taking this medication will increase your risk of a stroke.
- D. Stopping this medication suddenly increases your risk for a heart attack.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Smoking while taking this medication will increase your risk of a stroke. This statement is important because nicotine replacement therapy aims to help the client quit smoking, and smoking while on this therapy can lead to nicotine overdose, increasing the risk of adverse effects like stroke.
Choice A is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the client's nicotine replacement therapy. Choice B is incorrect as it pertains to orthostatic hypotension, not nicotine replacement therapy. Choice D is incorrect as it addresses the consequences of abruptly stopping the medication, not the risks associated with smoking while on it.
The process of respiration is concerned with
- A. Intake O2
- B. Liberation of O2
- C. Liberation of CO2
- D. liberation of energy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: liberation of energy. Respiration involves the conversion of glucose into ATP, releasing energy that cells can use for various functions. Oxygen is taken in during respiration (A), not liberated (B). Carbon dioxide is released (C) as a byproduct of respiration, not liberated. Option D is correct as it accurately captures the primary purpose of respiration.
A nurse cares for a client who has hypertension that has not responded well to several medications. The client states compliance is not an issue. What action would the nurse take next?
- A. Assess the client for obstructive sleep apnea.
- B. Arrange a home sleep apnea test.
- C. Encourage the client to begin exercising.
- D. Schedule a polysomnography
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assess the client for obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertension that is not responding to medications may be due to underlying sleep apnea, a common comorbidity. By assessing for obstructive sleep apnea, the nurse can identify a potential contributing factor to the client's uncontrolled hypertension. This step is crucial in managing the client's condition effectively.
Summary of other choices:
B: Arranging a home sleep apnea test may be premature without first assessing the client for obstructive sleep apnea.
C: Encouraging the client to begin exercising is important for overall health but may not directly address the uncontrolled hypertension.
D: Scheduling a polysomnography may be necessary if obstructive sleep apnea is suspected after the initial assessment.