Nokea
What should the nurse emphasize when teaching patients at risk for upper GI bleeding to prevent bleeding episodes?
- A. All stools and vomitus must be tested for the presence of blood.
- B. The use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications of any kind should be avoided.
- C. Antacids should be taken with all prescribed medications to prevent gastric irritation.
- D. Misoprostol (Cytotec) should be used to protect the gastric mucosa in individuals with peptic ulcers.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Over-the-counter medications, especially NSAIDs, should be avoided as they can increase the risk of gastric irritation and bleeding.
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The nurse is talking with a patient who has been experiencing nausea and vomiting. The patient indicates an interest in using alternative therapies for the condition. Which product may aid in nausea management?
- A. Ginger
- B. Ginseng
- C. Chamomile
- D. Soy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Ginger has been shown to help alleviate nausea and vomiting due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Ginger can help relax the stomach muscles and aid in digestion, reducing symptoms of nausea.
3. Studies have supported the use of ginger for managing nausea in various conditions.
4. Overall, ginger is a safe and effective option for nausea management.
Summary of incorrect choices:
- Ginseng: Ginseng is not commonly used for nausea relief and lacks sufficient evidence to support its effectiveness.
- Chamomile: While chamomile is known for its calming effects, it is not specifically indicated for nausea management.
- Soy: Soy is not typically used to alleviate nausea and vomiting symptoms.
A patient with ulcerative colitis undergoes the first phase of a total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch and anal anastomosis. On postoperative assessment of the patient, what should the nurse expect to find?
- A. A rectal tube set to low continuous suction
- B. A loop ileostomy with a plastic rod to hold it in place
- C. A colostomy stoma with an NG tube in place to provide pouch irrigations
- D. A permanent ileostomy stoma in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In the first phase of a total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch and anal anastomosis, a loop ileostomy is created to divert stool while the pouch heals.
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
- A. mouth
- B. esophagus
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. Chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth with the enzyme amylase present in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. This process initiates the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars for absorption. In contrast, the esophagus is not involved in digestion, the stomach primarily performs mechanical and protein digestion, and the small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur, but not where the initial digestion of starch begins.
The colonic microflora can be considered as 'an organ within an organ'. Which of the following statements best describes the functions of the microbiota?
- A. Measurement of daily dietary fibre intake underestimates the amount of fermentable material entering the colon each day
- B. All of the options given are correct
- C. Acetate, propionate and butyrate are the chief organic acids produced by anaerobic colic fermentation
- D. The establishment of an 'acetate buffer' in the colonic lumen suppresses the growth of some pathogenic bacteria.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the colonic microbiota performs multiple essential functions such as aiding in digestion, producing vitamins, regulating immune function, and maintaining gut barrier integrity. Option A is incorrect as it focuses on dietary fiber intake rather than the microbiota's functions. Option C is incorrect because while acetate, propionate, and butyrate are important organic acids produced, they are not the only ones. Option D is incorrect as the microbiota's establishment of an 'acetate buffer' does not necessarily suppress the growth of all pathogenic bacteria.
Once absorbed into the epithelial cell of the small intestine, free fatty acids and glycerol are recombined and a protein coat is added to form a
- A. chylomicron.
- B. micelle.
- C. lipoprotein.
- D. fatty droplet.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: chylomicron. After absorption, free fatty acids and glycerol are recombined in the epithelial cell to form triglycerides. These triglycerides are then packaged with proteins to form chylomicrons, which are lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fats through the lymphatic system and bloodstream. Chylomicrons are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
Summary:
- B: Micelle is incorrect because micelles are formed in the lumen of the small intestine to aid in the absorption of lipids but do not involve recombination of fatty acids and glycerol.
- C: Lipoprotein is incorrect because while chylomicrons are a type of lipoprotein, the specific process described in the question is not about general lipoprotein formation.
- D: Fatty droplet is incorrect as it does not involve the recombination and protein coating process described in the question.