Nokea
Which chamber of the heart is most commonly affected in heart failure?
- A. Left atrium
- B. Right atrium
- C. Left ventricle
- D. Right ventricle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Left ventricle. The left ventricle is the chamber responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, making it the most commonly affected in heart failure. When the left ventricle weakens or becomes stiff, it can lead to inefficient pumping, causing fluid buildup and symptoms of heart failure. The other choices, A: Left atrium, B: Right atrium, and D: Right ventricle, are less commonly affected in heart failure as they have different functions in the heart's circulation.
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diaphragm relaxes and decrease thoracic space in which phase of respiration.
- A. inspiration
- B. expiration
- C. Pause
- D. both a and b
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, causing it to move upwards, which decreases the thoracic space. This leads to the expulsion of air from the lungs. In contrast, during inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, increasing the thoracic space to allow air to enter the lungs. Option C, Pause, does not involve any specific respiratory phase. Option D, both a and b, is incorrect because during inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space. Therefore, the correct answer is B, expiration, as this phase specifically involves the relaxation of the diaphragm and the decrease in thoracic space.
During one circuit of blood from lungs to the tissue and back through the circulatory system the percentage of haemoglobin giving the oxygen is
- A. 50%
- B. 25%
- C. 75%
- D. 100%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (25%). In the lungs, oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. This increases the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin to around 97-98%. As blood travels to the tissues, oxygen is released from hemoglobin to be used by the cells. By the time blood returns to the lungs, only about 25% of the hemoglobin is still carrying oxygen. This is known as the oxygen saturation curve. Choice A (50%) is incorrect because the percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen drops significantly as blood travels to the tissues. Choice C (75%) is incorrect because by the time blood returns to the lungs, more than 25% of the hemoglobin has already released its oxygen. Choice D (100%) is incorrect because not all hemoglobin molecules carry oxygen at the same time; it depends on the oxygen tension in the environment.
An emergency room nurse is assessing a male client who has sustained a blunt injury to the chest wall. Which of these signs would indicate the presence of a pneumothorax in this client?
- A. A low respiratory rate.
- B. Diminished breath sounds.
- C. The presence of a barrel chest.
- D. A sucking sound at the site of injury.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Diminished breath sounds. In the case of a pneumothorax, air leaks into the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse partially. This results in diminished or absent breath sounds on the affected side. A low respiratory rate (A) is a general sign of respiratory distress but not specific to pneumothorax. The presence of a barrel chest (C) is associated with conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but not indicative of a pneumothorax. A sucking sound at the site of injury (D) is characteristic of an open pneumothorax, not necessarily present in all cases of pneumothorax.
Which of the following Hormone is secreted in excess when a person climbing a mountain
- A. Anti Natriuretic Factor
- B. Adrelaline
- C. Erythropoietin
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Erythropoietin. When climbing a mountain, the body experiences reduced oxygen levels, triggering the release of erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production and improve oxygen delivery. This helps counteract the effects of high altitude.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Anti Natriuretic Factor - This hormone regulates sodium and water balance in the body, not directly related to climbing a mountain.
B: Adrenaline - Released in response to stress or danger, not specifically related to climbing a mountain.
D: Thyroxine - Regulates metabolism and energy levels, not directly related to the physiological response to climbing a mountain.
Which action should you delegate to the experienced nursing assistant?
- A. Assess the client's respiratory status every 4 hours.
- B. Take vital signs and pulse oximetry reading every 4 hours.
- C. Check ventilator setting to make sure they are as prescribed.
- D. Observe client’s need for suctioning every 2 hours.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Taking vital signs and pulse oximetry readings is a routine task suitable for a nursing assistant. Assessing respiratory status (A) and checking ventilator settings (C) require RN-level skills. Observing suctioning needs (D) is less critical and often done by RNs.