Nokea
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. The colon is where most of the absorption of short chain fatty acids occurs after digestion in the small intestine. Short chain fatty acids are produced by gut bacteria breaking down dietary fiber and play a crucial role in energy production and maintaining gut health. Calcium is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and liver, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down in the small intestine by enzymes. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it aligns with the specific absorption function of the colon.
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A patient with a recent drug poisoning is transported to the emergency department. The physician orders (correctly, in this case) administration of pralidoxime as part of the comprehensive emergency treatment plan. Which one of the following best describes who the patient was?
- A. A 13-year-old boy who took an overdose of amphetamine for his ADD/ADHD
- B. A 43-year-old who took an overdose of neostigmine, prescribed for her myasthenia gravis, in a suicide attempt
- C. A 6-year-old who got into the family medicine cabinet and took 10 'adult doses' of her dad's prazosin
- D. A farm/field worker accidentally doused with insecticide from an overflying crop-duster plane
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because pralidoxime is used to treat poisoning from organophosphate insecticides, which are commonly used in agriculture. The patient is likely a farm/field worker who was accidentally exposed to insecticide.
A: Amphetamine poisoning does not require pralidoxime.
B: Neostigmine is not an organophosphate insecticide.
C: Prazosin is not an organophosphate insecticide and is unlikely to require pralidoxime in this context.
In summary, the correct answer is D because the patient's exposure to insecticide aligns with the indication for pralidoxime use, while the other choices involve different substances that do not require pralidoxime treatment.
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________.
- A. synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens
- B. production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
- C. secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH
- D. hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because during late puberty, the production of sex hormones by the gonads significantly outweighs the production of gonadocorticoids by the adrenal gland. This is due to the maturation and increased activity of the gonads during this developmental stage.
Rationale:
A: Synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily catecholamines, not androgens.
C: Secretion inhibition of gonadocorticoids is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not solely by a negative feedback loop involving ACTH.
D: Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome, not adrenogenital syndrome or feminization.
What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?
- A. High blood pressure
- B. Low level of potassium in the blood
- C. Low blood volume and hypotension
- D. Goiter formation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Aldosterone regulates sodium and water balance in the body.
2. Deficiency leads to decreased sodium reabsorption, causing low blood volume.
3. Low blood volume results in hypotension due to reduced blood flow to tissues.
4. Choices A and B are incorrect as aldosterone deficiency does not cause high blood pressure or low potassium levels.
5. Choice D is incorrect as goiter formation is mainly related to thyroid hormone imbalance, not aldosterone deficiency.
Iodine, colloid, and goiter refer to which gland?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Thyroid
- D. Neurohypophysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroid. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. A colloid is a gel-like substance found in the thyroid follicles. Goiter is a condition of thyroid enlargement. The other choices are incorrect because the pancreas (A) produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, the parathyroid (B) regulates calcium levels, and the neurohypophysis (D) is part of the pituitary gland responsible for releasing hormones like vasopressin. Thus, the correct choice is the thyroid gland due to its association with iodine, colloid, and goiter.
A deficiency of insulin causes:
- A. hypocalcemia.
- B. hyperglycemia.
- C. Cushing syndrome.
- D. adrenal shock.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hyperglycemia. Insulin deficiency leads to an inability to regulate blood sugar levels, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells for energy utilization, leading to hyperglycemia. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Hypocalcemia is low calcium levels, not caused by insulin deficiency. C: Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, not related to insulin deficiency. D: Adrenal shock is a life-threatening condition due to insufficient adrenal gland function, not directly caused by insulin deficiency.