Nokea
Which is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?
- A. serotonin
- B. glutamate
- C. dopamine
- D. GABA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in nearly all excitatory brain functions. It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Glutamate binds to receptors on postsynaptic neurons, promoting the transmission of signals. However, excessive glutamate activity can lead to excitotoxicity, causing neuronal damage and contributing to conditions like stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
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The causes of somatic system disorders may be related to:
- A. faulty perceptions of body sensations.
- B. traumatic childhood events.
- C. culture-bound phenomena.
- D. mood instability.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Somatic system disorders involve physical symptoms with no apparent medical cause.
Step 2: Faulty perceptions of body sensations can lead to exaggerated or misinterpreted physical symptoms.
Step 3: This can result in somatic system disorders like hypochondriasis or somatic symptom disorder.
Step 4: Traumatic childhood events (choice B) may contribute to psychological disorders but are not specific to somatic system disorders.
Step 5: Culture-bound phenomena (choice C) and mood instability (choice D) are not primary causes of somatic system disorders.
Summary: The correct answer is A because faulty perceptions of body sensations can directly contribute to somatic system disorders, while the other choices are not directly related to the development of these disorders.
Trace the flow of blood for a nephron.
- A. peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole
- B. efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
- C. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
- D. afferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct sequence is afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, and peritubular capillaries. Blood enters the nephron through the afferent arteriole, is filtered in the glomerulus, exits through the efferent arteriole, and then flows into the peritubular capillaries, where reabsorption and secretion occur. This pathway ensures efficient filtration and processing of blood in the kidneys.
The damage to IX, X & XII cranial nerves produce:
- A. bulbar palsy
- B. pseudobulbar palsy
- C. Brown-Sequard syndrome
- D. Argyle-Robertson syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bulbar palsy is the correct answer because it results from damage to the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves IX, X, and XII, which are located in the medulla oblongata. This condition leads to dysphagia, dysarthria, and tongue atrophy due to the loss of motor control in the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and tongue.
Which myotome is responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle
- A. L4/5
- B. L5/S1
- C. S1/2
- D. S2/3
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The S1 and S2 nerve roots innervate the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which are responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle. This is important in assessing sacral nerve root function.
Executive Functions: involve problem-solving, planning, initiative, organising, and they monitor and inhibit complex behaviours. These functions are normally associated with which area of the brain?
- A. The neocortex.
- B. The corpus callosum.
- C. The cerebellum.
- D. The prefontal cortex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, is primarily responsible for executive functions such as problem-solving, planning, decision-making, and self-regulation. This brain region plays a critical role in coordinating complex cognitive processes and inhibiting inappropriate behaviors. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in significant impairments in executive functioning, leading to difficulties in managing daily tasks and adapting to new situations.