Nokea
Which macrolide antibiotic that can be given once a day for 3 days for * empirical treatment of ENT, respiratory and genital infections?
- A. Erythromycin
- B. Azithromycin
- C. Clarithromycin
- D. Roxithromycin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Azithromycin. It has a long half-life allowing for once-daily dosing for 3 days. Azithromycin is effective against common ENT, respiratory, and genital infections.
Rationale:
A: Erythromycin requires more frequent dosing due to shorter half-life.
C: Clarithromycin is not typically given once a day for 3 days.
D: Roxithromycin is less commonly used for these infections and has a shorter half-life.
You may also like to solve these questions
What is the drug of choice for ringworm infection?:
- A. Griseofulvin
- B. Amphotericin B
- C. Nystatin
- D. Neomycin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Griseofulvin. Griseofulvin is the drug of choice for ringworm infection because it specifically targets the fungus that causes ringworm. It works by inhibiting fungal cell division, leading to the destruction of the fungus. Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for systemic fungal infections, not for ringworm. Nystatin is used to treat fungal infections of the skin, mouth, and intestines, but it is not the first-line treatment for ringworm. Neomycin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, not fungal infections like ringworm. Therefore, Griseofulvin is the most appropriate choice for treating ringworm.
A 50-year-old woman calls the clinic because she has noticed some changes in her body and breasts and wonders if these changes could be attributable to the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) she started 3 months earlier. The nurse should tell her:
- A. HRT is at such a low dose that side effects are very unusual.
- B. HRT has several side effects, including fluid retention, breast tenderness, and vaginal bleeding.
- C. Vaginal bleeding with HRT is very unusual; I suggest you come into the clinic immediately to have this evaluated.
- D. It sounds as if your dose of estrogen is too high; I think you may need to decrease the amount you are taking and then call back in a week.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hormone replacement therapy (HRT) commonly causes side effects such as fluid retention, breast tenderness, and vaginal bleeding. This information is important for the nurse to communicate to the patient, as it aligns with the symptoms the woman is experiencing. Choice A is incorrect as even low doses of HRT can still result in side effects. Choice C is incorrect because vaginal bleeding with HRT is not very unusual and does not necessitate immediate evaluation unless it is severe. Choice D is incorrect as adjusting the dose without proper evaluation could be dangerous and is not the appropriate first step in addressing the patient's concerns.
Which laboratory result is of most concern for a patient with cystitis?
- A. Serum WBC 9000/mm?
- B. Urinalysis with 1-2 WBCs present
- C. Urine bacteria 100,000 colonies/mL
- D. Serum hematocrit 36%
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a urine bacteria count of 100,000 colonies/mL indicates a significant bacterial infection, which is concerning for cystitis. This result suggests an active infection in the urinary tract, requiring prompt treatment.
A: Serum WBC of 9000/mm³ is within the normal range and may not necessarily indicate an active infection.
B: Urinalysis with 1-2 WBCs present is also within the normal range and may not be indicative of an acute infection.
D: Serum hematocrit of 36% is a measure of the proportion of red blood cells in the blood and is not directly related to cystitis.
Which of the following cephalosporins has in vitro activity against anaerobic * gram negative bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis?
- A. Cefdinir
- B. Cefuroxime
- C. Cefazolin
- D. Cefepime
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cefepime. Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin that has broad-spectrum activity, including against anaerobic gram-negative bacteria like Bacteroides fragilis. Its extended spectrum of activity is due to its increased stability against beta-lactamases produced by many bacteria. Choices A, B, and C (Cefdinir, Cefuroxime, Cefazolin) are not typically effective against anaerobic gram-negative bacteria. Cefdinir is primarily active against respiratory pathogens, Cefuroxime has limited anaerobic coverage, and Cefazolin is more effective against gram-positive bacteria.
The process by which water is reabsorbed by following solutes when they are reabsorbed is called
- A. obligatory water reabsorption
- B. facultative water reabsorption
- C. osmotic water reabsorption
- D. renin-angiotensin water reabsorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: facultative water reabsorption. This process occurs in the collecting ducts of the nephron in the kidney, where water reabsorption is regulated based on the body's hydration levels. When solutes like sodium are reabsorbed, water follows passively through aquaporin channels, adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed according to the body's needs.
A: Obligatory water reabsorption refers to the constant reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle, not regulated based on hydration levels.
C: Osmotic water reabsorption is a general term referring to the movement of water based on osmotic gradients, not specifically regulated by solute reabsorption.
D: Renin-angiotensin water reabsorption involves the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in response to low blood pressure, focusing on sodium reabsorption rather than direct regulation of