Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology Related

Review Anatomy and Physiology related questions and content

Which muscle of the quadriceps group is located on the lateral surface of the lower extremity?

  • A. Vastus lateralis
  • B. Gastrocnemius
  • C. Anterior tibialis
  • D. Rectus femoris
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vastus lateralis. The vastus lateralis is a muscle of the quadriceps group that is situated on the lateral side of the lower extremity. It is responsible for extending the knee joint. Gastrocnemius (choice B) is a muscle located in the calf, Anterior tibialis (choice C) is a muscle in the anterior compartment of the leg, and Rectus femoris (choice D) is a muscle of the quadriceps group but is not located on the lateral surface of the lower extremity. Therefore, they do not match the description provided in the question and are incorrect choices.

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Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation caused by which molecule?

  • A. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • B. Lactic acid
  • C. Creatine-phosphate.
  • D. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Correct Answer: B

Rationale:

Where would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum in the body?

  • A. Back of the hand
  • B. Heel of the foot
  • C. Abdomen
  • D. Over the shin
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, providing a protective barrier to the skin. Areas of the body that experience more friction and pressure tend to have a thicker stratum corneum. The heel of the foot is subjected to constant pressure and friction during walking and standing, leading to the development of a particularly thick stratum corneum to protect against wear and tear.

During digestion, what does the stomach muscle churn and mix food into, turning it into a soupy substance known as which of the following?

  • A. Bolus
  • B. Bile
  • C. Chyme
  • D. Feces
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chyme. During digestion, the stomach muscle contracts and mixes food with digestive juices, breaking it down into a thick, soupy liquid called chyme. This chyme is then slowly released into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are referred to as which of the following?

  • A. Osteoblasts
  • B. Neuroglia
  • C. Osteocytes
  • D. Arterioles
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nerve tissue is made up of neurons that transmit signals and neuroglia cells that support and protect the neurons. Neuroglia cells play a crucial role in providing structural support, insulation, and nutrients to neurons. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteocytes are mature bone cells, and arterioles are small arteries that carry blood away from the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is option B, Neuroglia.

Which cavity of the heart has the thickest wall?

  • A. Right atrium
  • B. Left atrium
  • C. Right ventricle
  • D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the left ventricle. The left ventricle has the thickest wall among the heart cavities as it needs to pump oxygenated blood to the entire body, requiring more force and muscle strength. Its thick wall helps generate enough pressure to propel blood through the systemic circulation. The other choices, including the right atrium, left atrium, and right ventricle, do not have as thick walls as the left ventricle because their functions involve receiving and transferring blood with lower pressure requirements.

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