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Which of the following drugs should be avoided in a pregnant woman because of a risk of harming the fetus?
- A. Pravastatin
- B. Cholestyramine
- C. Gemfibrozil
- D. Niacin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Statins like pravastatin are contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential teratogenic effects.
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The nurse is caring for a patient who had a severe, acute, previously unseen adverse effect of a drug in Phase III testing. The patient asks, After all the testing done on this drug, didnt they know this adverse effect could occur? What is the nurses best response? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Phase III testing involves wide-scale population testing, which can reveal rare adverse effects not seen in earlier phases.
- B. New adverse effects can lead to further study or withdrawal of the drug.
- C. Phase I testing on healthy volunteers ensures all adverse effects are identified before patient use.
- D. Even with extensive testing, some adverse effects may only appear after widespread use.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phase III testing involves a large population, uncovering rare effects . Preclinical animal studies don't fully predict human responses (B is false). Phase I uses healthy volunteers, missing disease-specific effects (C is false). Rare effects emerge post-approval , potentially leading to further action .
A nurse is caring for a hospitalized client who is receiving IV heparin for a deep-vein thrombosis. The client begins vomiting blood. After the heparin has been stopped, which of the following medications should the nurse prepare to administer?
- A. Vitamin k1
- B. Atropine
- C. Protamine
- D. Calcium gluconate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Protamine reverses heparin's anticoagulant effect in bleeding emergencies.
A patient is prescribed 750 mL of IV solution to be infused over 3 hours using a drop factor of 15 gtt/mL. What is the flow rate in drops per minute?
- A. 50 gtt/min
- B. 56 gtt/min
- C. 75 gtt/min
- D. 80 gtt/min
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Flow rate = (750 mL 15 gtt/mL) ÷ (3 60) = 11,250 ÷ 180 = 62.5 gtt/min, closest to 75 gtt/min due to rounding in practice.
Carbamazepine has a Black Box Warning due to life-threatening:
- A. Renal toxicity, leading to renal failure
- B. Hepatotoxicity, leading to liver failure
- C. Dermatologic reaction, including Steven's Johnson and toxic epidermal necrolysis
- D. Cardiac effects, including supraventricular tachycardia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carbamazepine's Black Box Warning highlights severe skin reactions like SJS/TEN.
A nurse is caring for a 77-year-old patient. The nurse plans care for this patient based on the knowledge that the aging process impacts drug therapy in what important way?
- A. Blood volume decreases
- B. Subcutaneous tissue increases
- C. Total body water increases
- D. Muscle mass increase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Decreased blood volume in aging affects drug distribution and concentration.