Nokea
Which of the following is the indication for glucocorticoid prescribing?
- A. Cataract
- B. Prevention of respiratory distress
- C. Hypofunction of thyroid gland
- D. Hypocalcemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glucocorticoids prevent respiratory distress, such as in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
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The types of antagonism are:
- A. Summarized
- B. Potentiated
- C. Additive
- D. Competitive
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Competitive antagonism is a recognized type, involving receptor competition between agonist and antagonist.
Metformin is a primary choice of drug to treat hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes because it:
- A. Substitutes for insulin usually secreted by the pancreas
- B. Decreases glycogenolysis by the liver
- C. Increases the release of insulin from beta cells
- D. Decreases peripheral glucose utilization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metformin reduces hepatic glucose output (glycogenolysis), key in type 2 diabetes; it doesn't mimic insulin or increase release .
A nurse is administering digoxin to a patient. To administer medications so that the drug is as effective as possible, the nurse needs to consider what?
- A. Peak plasma level
- B. Half-life
- C. Drug interactions
- D. Timing of administration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To maximize digoxin's effectiveness, the nurse must consider timing of administration to align with therapeutic levels and avoid toxicity, especially given its narrow therapeutic index. Peak plasma level, half-life, and drug interactions are factors, but timing is critical for efficacy.
A 24-year-old female is prescribed erythromycin for gastroparesis. It is prescribed four times daily due to its short half-life. What is the rationale for such a frequent dosing?
- A. Achieve the steady-state plasma concentration of the drug
- B. Aid more complete distribution of the drug
- C. Avoid the toxicity of the drug because of its low therapeutic index
- D. Ensure that the drug concentration remains constant over time
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Frequent dosing is required due to erythromycin's short half-life and low therapeutic index, which means a narrow margin between effective and toxic doses, necessitating careful maintenance to avoid toxicity.
The drug, which interferes with metabolism of theophylline
- A. Gentamicin
- B. Penicillin
- C. Erythromycin
- D. Sulfonamide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Erythromycin inhibits cytochrome P-450, reducing theophylline metabolism.