Nokea
Which of the following should a client with autoimmune disorder be advised to avoid?
- A. Rest during the periods of severe exacerbation
- B. Regular exercise during the periods of remission
- C. Being in crowds during the periods of immunosuppression
- D. Humid environment during the periods of remission
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clients with autoimmune disorders especially during immunosuppression should avoid crowds to reduce the risk of infections.
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What is the primary cause of anaphylaxis?
- A. Immune complex deposition
- B. Systemic release of vasoactive mediators
- C. Localized mast cell degranulation
- D. T cell activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Systemic release of vasoactive mediators. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that is primarily caused by the systemic release of vasoactive mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes from mast cells and basophils. These mediators lead to widespread vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, and systemic hypotension, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of anaphylaxis.
Choice A (Immune complex deposition) is incorrect because anaphylaxis is not caused by the deposition of immune complexes but rather by the immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
Choice C (Localized mast cell degranulation) is incorrect because anaphylaxis involves systemic mast cell degranulation leading to widespread effects throughout the body, not just localized reactions.
Choice D (T cell activation) is incorrect because anaphylaxis is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells, not T cells.
The patient is learning about skin care related to the external radiation that he is receiving. Which instructions should the nurse include in this teaching?
- A. Moisturize skin with lotion
- B. Keep the area covered if it is sore
- C. Dry the skin thoroughly after cleansing it
- D. Avoid extreme temperatures to the area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Avoiding extreme temperatures protects the radiated skin from further irritation.
Identify the option that represents the correct order of events in naïve T cell activation:
- A. Entry into the site of infection, antigen recognition, clonal expansion
- B. Antigen recognition, clonal expansion, entry into the site of infection
- C. Entry into the site of infection, clonal expansion, antigen recognition
- D. Antigen recognition, entry into the site of infection, clonal expansion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct order of events in naïve T cell activation is: antigen recognition, clonal expansion, entry into the site of infection. First, T cells must recognize the specific antigen presented by antigen-presenting cells. This recognition triggers clonal expansion, where T cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells. Finally, the activated T cells migrate to the site of infection to combat the pathogen. Option B is correct because it follows this sequential order. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adhere to the correct sequence of events in naïve T cell activation.
What is a defining characteristic of immunology as a scientific field?
- A. It is largely static, with few modern discoveries
- B. It is a dynamic field, continually evolving through research
- C. It exclusively studies pathogen biology
- D. It focuses solely on innate immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: It is a dynamic field, continually evolving through research. Immunology is constantly evolving due to new discoveries and advancements in technology. Research in immunology leads to a deeper understanding of the immune system and its interactions with pathogens, cancer, and other diseases. This ongoing evolution is essential for the development of new treatments and vaccines.
Explanation of why other choices are incorrect:
A: It is largely static, with few modern discoveries - This is incorrect as immunology is a rapidly advancing field with numerous breakthroughs and discoveries.
C: It exclusively studies pathogen biology - This is incorrect as immunology also encompasses the study of the immune system's responses to various stimuli, not just pathogens.
D: It focuses solely on innate immunity - This is incorrect as immunology covers both innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the interactions between them.
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- A. A B cell epitope will often be destroyed by denaturation
- B. A pathogen will often have more than one B cell epitope
- C. A B cell epitope is the part of the antibody molecule that contacts an antigen
- D. B cell epitopes are most commonly found on the surface of pathogens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a B cell epitope is not a part of the antibody molecule that contacts an antigen. B cell epitopes are specific regions on an antigen that bind to B cell receptors. Choice A is incorrect because denaturation can expose B cell epitopes. Choice B is incorrect because pathogens typically have multiple B cell epitopes. Choice D is incorrect because B cell epitopes can be found on various parts of pathogens, not just on the surface.