Nokea
Which of the following statements about anticholinesterase drugs is WRONG:
- A. They can be divided into reversible and irreversible types
- B. They include neostigmine and physostigmine
- C. They can produce miosis and lacrimation
- D. They are useful bronchodilators
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anticholinesterase drugs are not bronchodilators; they actually increase cholinergic activity by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Reversible and irreversible types do exist (A), neostigmine and physostigmine are examples (B), and they can cause miosis and lacrimation due to increased cholinergic activity (C). Hence, D is the incorrect statement.
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α-1 adrenergic receptors are selectively blocked by:
- A. Phentolamine
- B. Prazosin
- C. Propranolol
- D. Ergotamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Prazosin. α-1 adrenergic receptors are selectively blocked by prazosin. Prazosin is a selective α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, specifically targeting these receptors. It works by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
A: Phentolamine is a non-selective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocking both α-1 and α-2 receptors.
C: Propranolol is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocking β-1 and β-2 receptors.
D: Ergotamine is a medication used for the treatment of migraines and has vasoconstrictive properties but does not selectively block α-1 adrenergic receptors.
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?
- A. liver
- B. spleen
- C. thyroid gland
- D. brain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: liver. Thyroid hormone affects the liver by regulating metabolism and energy production. It increases the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The liver plays a crucial role in converting thyroid hormones into their active form.
Summary:
B: The spleen is not directly affected by thyroid hormone.
C: The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone but is not directly affected by it in adults.
D: While the brain is indirectly influenced by thyroid hormone, it is not a primary target organ for its effects in adults.
The antagonistic hormone to insulin is __________.
- A. cortisol
- B. norepinephrine/epinephrine
- C. glucagon
- D. mineralocorticoids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: glucagon. Glucagon is the hormone that opposes the actions of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon signals the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar levels. Cortisol (A) and mineralocorticoids (D) are not directly antagonistic to insulin. Norepinephrine/epinephrine (B) play a role in the fight-or-flight response, but they do not directly counteract insulin's actions on glucose regulation.
Lactogenic hormone:
- A. is also called oxytocin.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
- D. exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Lactogenic hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, essential for lactation.
2. Oxytocin is a different hormone that causes milk ejection, not production.
3. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH affect gonads, not lactation.
4. Choice C directly relates to lactation, making it the correct answer.
Antidiuretic hormone _______________.
- A. controls metabolic rate
- B. controls the amount of urine one produces
- C. increases blood sugar
- D. controls reproduction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: controls the amount of urine one produces. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to regulate water reabsorption, thereby controlling the amount of urine produced. It does not control metabolic rate (A), increase blood sugar (C), or control reproduction (D). ADH's main function is to maintain water balance in the body by reducing urine output.